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2030年前确保全球范围内实现人人都能获得安全和负担得起的饮用水,是联合国可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs)中第六项“清洁饮用水和卫生设施”(SDG6)的主要内容之一. 现今水污染形势日益严峻,可供人们直接利用的液态水源均存在不同程度的污染,全球约有22亿人的日常饮用水无法得到安全保障[1],预计到21世纪中期甚至将有近5亿人常年面临严重的淡水资源短缺问题[2]. 基于KIM模型[3],谷歌公司与世界卫生组织、联合国儿童基金委员会的共同研究表明,不同于海水淡化技术的高费用低回报和技术的区域性限制,空气取水技术没有地域限制,能经济有效地在全球范围内提供液态水源,同时不会对全球水生态水循环造成较大影响[4]. 以我国西北部干旱地区为例,1960—2015年间,区域内平均相对湿度达50.34%[5],当夜晚温度为15 ℃时,空气中水分子含量约为6.4 g·m−3. 空气中丰富的水资源(总量约12.9万亿吨)保证了空气取水技术能为干旱少雨地区、灾害重建地区和军队野外行动有效提供液态水源.
为有效实现空气取水,基于吸附材料的吸附式空气取水技术是当前领域的研究热点,金属有机框架(Metal-Organic Frameworks, MOFs)材料因其优异的水吸附性能和循环特性受到了广泛关注. 21世纪初,Yaghi课题组首次了报道MOF-5材料的合成[6],并用二级结构单元(Second Building Unit, SBU)多金属簇理论成功解释MOFs材料的合成,为可控合成MOFs材料指明了方向;之后软硬酸碱理论(Hard-Soft-Acid-Base, HASB)的成功应用则为水稳定性MOFs材料的制备提供了理论基础[7],,极大拓宽了MOFs材料的应用性能. MOFs材料因具有高比表面积、高孔隙率和功能高度可控等优异特性,逐渐从水吸附性能表征拓展到空气取水实际应用[8]. 2012年,Seo等[9]率先以铁基MIL-100(Fe)和铬基MIL-101(Cr)两类MOFs材料为基础进行水吸附实验,结果表明MOFs材料在空气除湿和淡水获取领域具有极大的应用前景. 近年来以Yaghi课题组为代表的研究人员以MOF-303(Al) [10]、MOF-801(Zr) [11]、MIL-160(Al)[12]和PC-MOF(Cr)[13]等材料为研究对象,对MOFs吸附材料进行了一系列空气取水技术和装置的试验研究,包括在沙漠等干旱低湿地区的现场试验,充分证实了基于MOFs材料空气取水潜力. 与传统吸附材料相比,基于MOFs材料的吸附式空气取水装置不仅可在环境湿度较低时仍能稳定持续地从空气中获取水分,而且MOFs材料因其稳定的框架结构可作为传统吸湿盐的良好载体,抑制吸湿盐的潮解问题,增强复合材料的水吸附性能以满足实际环境的工作需求.
本文通过梳理近年来面向空气取水的MOFs材料研究现状,简述空气取水的基本原理和方法,总结MOFs材料的主要发展历程、研究和应用进展,并结合实际需求对面向空气取水的MOFs材料未来发展进行展望.
面向空气取水的金属有机框架(MOFs)材料研究进展
Research progress on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for atmosphere water harvesting
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摘要: 空气取水技术可为干旱地区获取淡水资源提供一种新途径,其中吸附式空气取水技术是当前研究的热点之一. 作为一种具有高比表面积、高孔隙率和功能可控的新型多孔材料,金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)材料在吸附式空气取水技术的研究中受到广泛关注. 因此,该文总结了空气取水技术的基本原理和方法,从材料的适用性能和应用尝试两方面阐述面向空气取水MOFs材料的主要研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望.Abstract: Atmosphere water harvesting technology could provide a new possibility for effectively acquiring freshwater resources in arid areas, and the adsorption-based atmosphere water harvester is a hotspot in this field. As a new porous material with high specific surface area, high porosity, and functional controllability, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted widespread attention in adsorption-based atmosphere water harvesters. Therefore, this study summarizes the basic principles and methods of atmospheric water harvesting technology, reviews the main research progress of MOFs materials for atmosphere water harvesters from its two aspects of applicable properties and application trial, and outlooks the future development of MOFs.
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Key words:
- atmospheric water harvester /
- metal-organic frameworks /
- adsorption
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图 5 (a)基于太阳能的单循环系统(MOF-801)[70];(b)基于太阳能的多循环系统(MOF-303(Al))[10];(c)基于太阳能的翻转式系统(UiO-66NH2(TUN))[98];(d, e)基于太阳能的连续取水系统(PC-MOF)[13]
Figure 5. (a) Solar-based single-cycle system(MOF-801)[70]; (b) Solar-based multi-cycle system(MOF-303(Al))[10] ; (c) Solar-based flip system(UiO-66NH2(TUN))[98]; (d, e) Continuous water harvester based on solar energy(PC-MOF)[13]
表 1 空气取水技术主要方法
Table 1. The main method of Atmosphere water harvester
表 2 MOFs系列材料
Table 2. The series of MOFs materials
系列名称
Name代表性材料
Representative materials金属离子
Metal ions有机配体
Organic ligands首发单位
Inventive institution主要应用领域
Main applicationsIRMOF IRMOF-1[39] Zn2+等 对苯二甲酸等 美国Yaghi课题组 氢气吸附 ZIF ZIF-100[47] Zn2+、Co2+等 咪唑等 美国Yaghi课题组 CO2储存 MIL MIL-53[48] Al3+、Cr3+、Fe3+等 对苯二甲酸等 法国Ferey课题组 甲醇吸附 CPL CPL-1[49] Cu2+等 吡嗪等 日本Kitagawa研究组 甲烷吸附 UiO UiO-66[50] Zr4+等 对苯二甲酸等 挪威奥斯陆大学 反应催化 PCN PCN-9[51] Cu2+等 三嗪等 美国迈阿密大学 吸附分离 HKUST HKUST-1[52] Cu2+等 间苯三甲酸等 香港科技大学 CO2吸附 表 3 可用于空气取水的MOFs材料
Table 3. MOFs materials that can be used for Atmosphere water harvester
名称
Name吸附转折点
Adsorption
turning point水吸附容量/(g.g−1)
Water adsorption
capacity孔体积/(cm3.g−1)
Pore volume比表面积/(m2.g−1)
Specific
surface area稳定性
StabilityCr-soc-MOF-1 [82] 0.69 1.95 2.1 4549 无损失(>100次循环) MIL-101(Cr)[9] 0.4 1.55 — 4150 无损失(100 ℃水热处理7 d) MIL-100(Fe)[9] 0.35 0.79 0.82 2300 无损失(100 ℃水热处理7 d) NiBr2(BTDD)[71] 0.25 0.64 — 1770 无损失(>400次循环) CoCl2(BTDD)[72] 0.28 0.82 — 1912 63%损失(>30次循环) MOF-801(Zr)[87] 0.09 0.36 0.45 — 无损失(>5次循环) MOF-808(Zr)[88] 0.3 0.59 0.84 — 不稳定 MOF-841(Zr)[11] 0.22 0.51 0.53 — 7%损失(>5次循环) Al-flumarate[89] 0.27 0.45 0.48 1080 无损失(>4500次循环) MOF-303(Al)[10] 0.13 0.45 0.54 1119 无损失(>5次循环) MOF-333(Al)[65] 0.22 0.44 0.48 1280 3%损失(>2000次循环) CAU-23(Al)[90] 0.30 0.37 0.48 1250 无损失(>5000次循环) MIL-160(Al)[91] 0.09 0.38 0.40 1150 无损失(>10次循环) 表 4 空气取水装置的实际应用
Table 4. Practical devices for Atmosphere Water Harvesting
名称
Name吸附材料
Adsorption material工作特点
Characteristics实际取水效率
Actual water harvesting efficiency不足
Inadequacies潜在改进方法
Potential improvements单循环装置 MOF-801(Zr) [11,87] 夜晚湿度较高充分吸附白天依靠光照实现解吸 0.2 L·kg−1·d−1
(20%RH)吸附时间较长长,装置只能在白天进行解吸集水 集成储能装置、表面冷却技术的结合 LiCl@MIL-101(Cr) [76] 0.45 L·kg−1·d−1
(30%RH)多循环装置 MOF-303(Al) [10, 97] 循环时间较短,24 h内可进行多次取水循环 1.3 L·kg−1·d−1
(27%RH)装置较大,各部件较为分散 基于光伏产区实现装置集成 连续取水装置 Ti3C2@ UiO-66NH2(TUN) [98] 吸附床轮流吸附解吸,实现连续取水 0.6 L·kg−1·d−1(20%RH) 吸附解吸速率间并不一致,简单分为双侧易存在空窗期 计算吸附解吸时间比值,增加吸附床 PC-MOF[13] 直接水释放,实现连续取水 6 L·kg−1·d−1(90%RH) 水释放湿度要求高,低湿度地区不适宜 增加空气富集装置,提升空气相对湿度以适用低湿度区域 -
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