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人工湿地由于运行简单,维护方便等特点,被广泛应用于养殖废水、农村生活污水、富营养化水体等方面的治理,但传统人工湿地存在的DO分布不均匀,扩散速率慢等问题,限制了污染物的高效去除。近年来的研究发现,通过改变湿地填料、增加曝气等,可以改善湿地内部环境,提高DO浓度,从而有效提升污染物的去除效果。LIU等[1]以红砖、粉煤灰作为填料,通过改变填料构成和配比,实现了污染物的高效去除;王宁等[2]在传统潜流湿地中增加间歇曝气,在强化氮素污染物去除的同时,能够实现氧化亚氮减排。生物炭作为一种性能优良的吸附剂[3],具有疏松多孔的特点,逐渐成为水体污染物去除的重要材料。通过投加生物炭,可以显著提升潜流湿地中氮素污染物的去除效果[4]。SUN等[5]将生物炭应用于间歇曝气湿地流湿地,使TN去除率提高了13.5%。生物炭还可以通过改变湿地环境,改善微生物菌落,促进污染物的去除[6]。DENG等[7]发现,生物炭添加能改变潜流湿地中微生物群落分布特征,增加Thauera、Candidatus Competibacter、Dechloromonas、Desulfobulbus、Chlorobium和Thiobacillus等功能菌属的相对丰度,提高对有机物和氮素污染物的降解能力。尽管已有研究关注了生物炭对潜流湿地污染物去除和微生物群落多样性的影响,但生物炭在间歇曝气湿地中对污染物和功能微生物等作用的研究尚显不足。本研究通过构建室内间歇曝气生物炭湿地,探究湿地中污染物的去除效果,分析微生物群落结构,揭示生物炭对间歇曝气湿地的影响特征,以期为生物炭在湿地工程中的应用提供参考。
间歇曝气生物炭湿地中污染物的去除特征及微生物种群结构
Pollutant removal characteristics and microbial community structure in intermittent aerated constructed wetland adding with biochar
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摘要: 生物炭作为一种疏松多孔的吸附材料,近年来被广泛应用于受污染水体净化。通过构建生物炭投加比为0、10%、30%和40%的间歇曝气湿地系统(分别命名为CW、BW1、BW2和BW3),探究了生物炭投加比例对间歇曝气湿地中污染物去除及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,投加生物炭可提高湿地系统曝气段水体中平均溶解氧(DO)浓度。其中,BW3曝气段平均DO浓度为2.5 mg·L−1,相较于CW提高了13.6%,但添加生物炭对非曝气段DO浓度影响不显著(P>0.05)。所有湿地系统水体中化学需氧量(COD)去除率均高于90%,生物炭添加对耗氧有机物去除的影响并不显著。当生物炭投加比例由0增加至40%时,氨氮的去除率由80.76%提高至99.43%。生物炭可以显著提升湿地系统总氮的去除效果,BW3的总氮去除率相较于空白对照提高了18.5%,且在各反应器出水中均未检测到硝态氮(
${{\rm{NO}}_3^ -} $ -N)和亚硝态氮(${{\rm{NO}}_2^ -} $ -N)。高通量测序结果显示,在门类水平,生物炭增加了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetess)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)数量,降低了放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和螺旋体菌门(Saccharibacteria)的相对丰度。各湿地系统中已检出与脱氮相关的菌属共13种,生物炭投加可提升Nitrospira、Thauera、Rhodobacter和Pseudomonas等10余种与脱氮相关的菌落丰度。在间歇曝气湿地系统中,生物炭可以通过增加脱氮相关菌属,提高对氮素污染物的净化效果。Abstract: Biochar, as a kind of porous adsorption material, has been widely used in wastewater treatment in recent years. In this study, four groups of miniature intermittent aerated wetlands were constructed with different biochar doses of 0%, 10%, 30% and 40% (named as CW, BW1, BW2, and BW3, respectively) to investigate the effects of biochar on pollutant removal characteristics and microbial community structure. The results showed that adding biochar could increase the average dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aeration section, but had no significant effect on the DO concentration in the intermittent section(P>0.05). The average DO concentration in aeration section of BW3 was 2.5 mg·L−1, which was 13.6% higher than that in CW. Since the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in all systems were above 90%, biochar induction had no significant effect on organic matter removal. With the proportion of biochar increasing from 0% to 40%, the removal rate of${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N increased from 80.76% to 99.43%. Compared to the control, TN removal of intermittent aerated wetlands could be significantly improved by adding biochar, and the removal rate in BW3 was 18.5% higher than that of control. Additionally,${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N or${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $ -N was not detected in effluent. Illumina MiSeq sequencing results revealed that the dominant phyla, Bacteroidetess and Proteobacteria increased with biochar addition, but the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Saccharibacteria decreased accordingly. About 13 denitrification bacterial species were detected in the experimental microcosms, and the relative abundance of more than ten kinds of denitrification bacteria, including Nitrospira, Thauera, Rhodobacter and Pseudomonas was elevated by adding biochar. Thus, biochar addition can improve the removal of nitrogen by altering microbial community and increasing the relative abundance of denitrifying functional bacteria in the intermittent aerated constructed wetland. The results can provide new insights into the use of biochar in the enhancement of nitrogen removal of microbial community. -
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