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由于氨氮具有水生生物毒性、导致水体富营养化和水生生态平衡破坏等特点,其去除一直是废水处理中的主要挑战[1-2]。目前,地下水氨氮污染也引起了人们的关注,2019年发布的《中国生态环境状况公报》[3]指出全国10168个国家级地下水水质监测70%以上的水体氨氮含量超标。
目前,氨氮污染去除技术主要分为生物处理法、物理处理法和化学处理法[4]。物理法主要包括反渗透法[5]、离子交换法[6-7]和吹脱法等[8];化学法主要包括折点氯化法[9]、化学沉淀法[10]和电化学法[11];生物法主要为硝化-反硝化技术[12]、厌氧氨氧化和各类新型生物脱氮技术。近年来,电化学催化氧化已成为一种有前景的除氨方法,相比于其他高级氧化技术,其优点包括二次污染物的产生量最少[13],不需要另加氧化还原剂,易于自动化等;但也有耗电量大、成本高等缺点。据报道,电化学催化氧化可有效处理来自发电厂[14],市政[15]、垃圾填埋场[16]和焦化厂[17]等含氨氮的废水。
本研究以含氯含氨氮地下水为研究对象,将吹脱除氨作为减轻后续处理负荷及减少水力停留时间的预处理单元,在电化学催化氧化的基础上设计适合实际工程应用的连续流反应器,采用吹脱-电化学催化氧化组合的方式使氨氮指标达到排放限值。对比了光/电协同氧化法(电化学法与光催化法联合)和单独电化学氧化法降解氨氮的效果、转化产物,具体分析了氨氮氧化机理,为电化学催化氧化组合工艺处理氨氮污染地下水提供了新思路。
吹脱-电化学催化氧化组合工艺去除地下水中氨氮
Removal of ammonia nitrogen from groundwater by combined stripping-electrochemical oxidation process
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摘要: 以上海某钢铁工业区固废堆场氨氮污染的地下水为研究对象,研究了单独电化学氧化法、光/电协同氧化法、吹脱-电化学催化氧化组合法对氨氮的去除效果,提出能高效除氨氮且适合工程实际应用的吹脱-电催化氧化组合工艺。结果表明,相较单独电化学氧化,光/电协同氧化体系中的强氧化活性物质(HO·、HOCl、ClO−等)通过自由基链式反应和光解反应生成氧化性更弱的ClO·,反而削弱氨氮去除效果。而吹脱-电催化氧化组合工艺下氨氮、总氮的去除率分别为97.62%、90.23%,出水满足《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14818-2017)IV类标准。电子顺磁共振(EPR)和活性氯生成实验证实HO·和活性氯(HOCl、ClO−、Cl2)在氨氮转化过程中的重要作用。本实验为进一步研究和设计基于电化学法处理废水中的氨氮技术和组合工艺提供了理论依据。Abstract: In this work, three approaches, including electrochemical, photoelectrocatalytic, and combined stripping-electrochemical oxidation methods, were firstly compared in treating the polluted groundwater containing ammonia nitrogen caused by solid waste in a steel industrial zone of Shanghai. The combined stripping-electrochemical oxidation process with the greatest ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency which is suitable for engineering practical application was proposed. Compared with electrochemical oxidation, the strong oxidizing active substances (HO·, HOCl, ClO−) in the photo-electric oxidation system could generate weaker ClO· through free radical chain reaction, thus reducing the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency. For the combined stripping-electrochemical oxidation, the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen could reach 97.62% and 90.23%, respectively, the corresponding effluent could meet the Class IV standard of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T 14818-2017). Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and active chlorine formation experiments, we demonstrated that HO· and active chlorine (HOCl, ClO−, Cl2)) played crucial roles in the ammonia removal. Our study provides a theoretical basis for designing electrochemical oxidation degradation of ammonia nitrogen technology and combination process.
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Key words:
- ammonia nitrogen /
- stripping /
- electrocatalytic oxidation /
- photoelectrocatalytic /
- free radical
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