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膜滤技术成功研发至今已有百年,20世纪80年代开始成功应用于水处理[1-2]。随着膜材料改进及运行工艺的持续优化,膜法水处理技术以其出水优异、占地面积小、易自动运行等诸多优点被广泛应用于饮用水处理领域,预计2030年全球市场规模将达到21.4×109美元[3-5]。目前,我国以超滤工艺为主的饮用水厂也大幅增加[6-12],如广州北部水厂设计处理量高达1.5×106 m3·d−1,一期供水规模6×105 m3·d−1。
然而,膜滤运行过程中污染物易被膜孔吸附、膜表面截留等,从而引起膜污染[12-14],因此,适度预处理成为膜法水处理工艺稳定运行的重要保障。与其他预处理工艺(如氧化、催化)相比,混凝预处理方法简单高效且对膜表面无损伤[15-16]。截至目前,已研发了3种混凝-超滤净水工艺[17-18]:传统型(混凝-沉淀-超滤)、短流程型(混凝-超滤)和集成式(混凝剂或吸附剂直接注入膜池)。其中传统超滤工艺、短流程膜滤工艺已有工程应用实例。但由于混凝或沉淀单元的存在,传统超滤工艺、短流程膜滤工艺占地面积仍较大。基于此,将混凝剂水解絮体直接注入膜池的一体式膜工艺逐渐成为研究重点[19-21]。
有研究[22-25]表明,集成式膜工艺与传统膜工艺及短流程膜工艺相比能一定程度上更好地去除污染物并减缓膜污染。但与前2种工艺相比,集成式工艺仍多处于小试规模。我们前期进行了一体式絮体-超滤工艺中试规模的初步研究[18],发现该工艺能适度稳定运行,但存在运行周期短(约40 d)且缺乏对膜污染防控机制尤其滤饼层三维结构特征的认知。在此基础上,本研究进一步开展了一体式絮体-超滤中试实验,以进、出水水质和膜压差(TMP)等因素考察了一体式铁盐絮体-超滤工艺的运行效能,重点分析了超滤膜表面上滤饼层的污染物组成及分布特征,以期为发展膜法水处理工艺及理论等提供参考。
一体式铁盐絮体-超滤净水工艺中试运行效能
The pilot-scale performance of integrated iron salt floc-ultrafiltration process for drinking water purification
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摘要: 短流程集成膜滤工艺以其占地面积小、出水稳定等优点成为饮用水处理的研究重点,但目前仍缺乏实际中试运行参数及膜污染特征解析。基于常州某河流的中试运行结果,与直接超滤工艺(仅运行7 d)相比,一体式铁盐絮体-超滤工艺(运行25 d)和强化的絮体-超滤工艺(运行83 d)中的膜污染程度显著降低,分别将膜池稳定运行周期延长2.5倍和10.9倍;扫描电子显微镜和能谱表征结果表明,无论是否投加铁盐絮体,无机物均为滤饼层的主要成分,也是引起膜污染的主要原因。出水水质分析结果表明,一体式铁盐絮体-超滤工艺平均出水浊度低于0.1 NTU,浊度去除率大于99.5%,同时,COD和TP的去除率分别由37%和15%提升至64.58%和40%。此外,强化后的一体式絮体-超滤工艺中絮体的利用率更高,产水成本为0.491元·t −1。Abstract: A short integrated membrane filtration process has been gradually become the drinking water treatment research focus because of its small area and stable effluent, while the information regarding the operation parameters and membrane fouling characteristics is still limited. Here, the pilot-scale test conducted in Changzhou showed that the integrated membrane process performed excellently; in comparison with the direct ultrafiltration (UF) process (only operated for 7 days), the membrane fouling was significantly alleviated for the iron salt floc-UF process (operated for 25 days) and the optimized floc-UF process (operated for 83 days). The related stable operation periods were prolonged by 2.5 times and 10.9 times, respectively. According to the scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum analysis, the inorganic matter was the major constitute of membrane filtration cake layer and also played a major role in causing membrane fouling in the absence/presence of iron salts. The results of effluent quality showed that the average turbidity of the integrated iron salt floc-UF process was lower than 0.1 NTU, and the turbidity removal rate was higher than 99.5%. In addition, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) increased from 37% and 15% to 60.58% and 40%, respectively. Moreover, the floc utilization efficiency of the optimized flocs-UF process was higher than others, and the water production cost was 0.491 yuan·ton−1.
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Key words:
- ultrafiltration /
- iron salt flocs /
- integrated process /
- a pilot-scale test
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表 1 原水水质
Table 1. Raw water quality
统计结果 浊度/NTU 高锰酸盐指数/(mg·L−1) COD/(mg·L−1) BOD5/(mg·L−1) NH3-N/(mg·L−1) TP/(mg·L−1) TN/(mg·L−1) pH 范围 11.30~36.60 4.40~5.00 13.00~35.00 2.60~4.40 0.10~1.20 0.17~0.22 4.70~12.40 6.80~7.80 均值 23.95 4.70 24.00 3.50 0.65 0.20 8.55 7.30 表 2 不同预处理及操作流程
Table 2. Different pre-treatment and operation flow
预处理工艺 操作流程 运行参数 膜池运行时间/d
(排泥间隔/d)絮体投加量/
(mg·L−1)反洗曝气强度/
( m3·h−1)一体式絮体-超滤
(絮体直接注入膜池)膜池开始运行的同时,絮体由蠕动泵持续注入膜池 2(全流程) 10(全流程) 5(全流程) 初步优化的
絮体超滤膜池开始运行的同时,絮体由蠕动泵持续注入膜池 0~9(2)
10 d后(1)10
510(全流程) 强化优化的
絮体超滤膜池开始运行的前1 d,絮体由蠕动泵持续注入膜池 0~9 (2)
10 d后(1)10(前1 d)
10 (0~9 d)
5 (第10天)5(全流程) 表 3 不同工艺条件下的出水水质
Table 3. Effluent quality under different process conditions
实验工艺 TU COD TP TN 均值/NTU 平均去除率/% 均值/(mg·L−1 ) 平均去除率/% 均值/(mg·L−1 ) 平均去除率/% 均值/(mg·L−1 ) 平均去除率/% 直接超滤 <0.4 98.33 15.00 37.50 0.17 15.00 2.87 67.01 絮体-超滤(优化前) <0.1 99.58 7.00 70.83 0.08 60.00 3.17 62.92 絮体-超滤(初步优化) <0.1 99.58 8.50 64.58 0.12 40.00 2.82 67.02 絮体-超滤(强化优化) <0.1 99.60 6.50 72.86 0.08 60.00 2.65 69.01 -
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