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菌藻共培养系统利用菌藻之间的共生关系来低成本地进行污水处理和产油脂藻类的生产近年来受到了越来越多的关注[1-3]。能进行光合作用的微藻或蓝细菌在有光和CO2的情况下将营养物质吸收到它们的生物体中,产生O2,供异养细菌用于氧化废水中的有机物质。异养细菌产生的CO2可以被微藻和蓝细菌吸收利用。这样不仅可以减少污水处理时的能源消耗和CO2的排放,也更有利于污染物质N、P的回收。在共培养系统中,不同的接种量、操作条件、废水组成和反应器配置等因素对污染物去除和生物量的生长有一定的影响[4]。废水中污染物质组分和菌藻接种量对废水处理效果的影响已在多项研究中[5-6]得到报道。JI等[5]研究发现,当小球藻与地衣芽孢杆菌质量比为1∶3时,干细胞质量和叶绿素a累积均达到最高值,第10天时,体系分别去除了86.55%、80.28%和88.95%的溶解性COD、总磷和总氮。与单一微藻系统相比,添加细菌后的共培养体系对COD、总氮和总磷的去除效率分别提高了22.1%、20%和8.1%[6]。
然而,微藻与细菌共培养体系在生物量收获方面仍无法克服固有的障碍。收获生物质的传统技术是混凝和离心分离,这些传统技术的效率不高,但运行成本却很高。添加活性污泥可以解决微藻沉降和生物质收获的缺点,与微藻相比,活性污泥具有更好的沉降能力,对COD的去除率也比单一或单独几种细菌高[7]。因此,一些研究将微藻与活性污泥相结合,形成泥藻共培养体系[1,4,8-9]。NGUYEN等[1]认为,在3∶1(小球藻∶活性污泥)的比例下,总生物产量和COD去除率最高,微藻在生物同化脱氮过程中起主导作用,而活性污泥则是提高COD去除率的主要因素。SU等[8]发现,当泥藻接种比为1∶5时,对N和P的去除率最高(分别为91.0%和93.5%),同时藻类对COD去除率没有影响。在另一项研究中,活性污泥和小球藻的最佳比例为1∶2,此时对城市污水处理的效率最高[9]。之所以前期研究得出的最佳泥藻比各不相同,可能是因为废水组成和微藻种类的差异。NGUYEN等[1]研究中的是高负荷浓度(COD 500 mg·L−1、
${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N 200 mg·L−1和总磷45 mg·L−1)的人工合成废水和悬浮小球藻/泥系统;SU等[8]研究的是实际生活废水(COD 380 mg·L−1、总氮50 mg·L−1和${\rm{PO}}_4^3$ 8 mg·L−1)和混合微藻/泥系统,而MUJTABA等[9]研究的是低浓度的合成废水(COD 60 mg·L−1、${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N 50 mg·L−1和总磷1.3 mg·L−1)和固定化小球藻/污泥系统。因此,较少有研究利用混合藻类和活性污泥处理实际废水[2,8],也鲜有研究涉及多种微生物(菌藻)在处理实际废水的微型生态系统中的作用[2]。混合微藻(光合细菌和藻类)可直接在污水厂二沉池池壁获得,其获得成本和难度比单一微藻要低得多;活性污泥中存在的多种细菌有些可促进藻类生长,如产生藻类所需的CO2和维生素,有些却可能会抑制藻类生长[10]。有研究结果[11]表明,光合细菌营养价值高、净化水质能力强,且具有增强动物抗病力的功能。光合微生物与其他异养微生物混菌共培养是近年来的研究热点,该体系弥补了光合微生物纯培养时易染菌、不稳定等缺陷,在污水处理、土壤改善、生物降解有害物质、生产高附加值产物方面拥有广阔的应用前景[12]。但是,这些混菌聚生体的应用仍旧存在一定的困难。比如,如何发现适应生物工程应用的混菌体系是当前需要解决的问题[12]。
实际废水比人工合成废水含有更复杂的成分,因此,采用混合泥藻系统处理实际生活废水,获得的优势混菌体系可适应工程应用。基于以上原因,本研究将混合微藻和好氧池活性污泥接种至光生物反应器中共培养来处理实际生活废水,在序批式运行方式下考察了泥藻对实际生活废水中碳和营养物质的去除能力,并利用高通量测序技术分析了稳定后系统中的优势微生物组成,以及他们之间的协同作用。
光生物反应器中活性污泥和藻类的共培养及微生物群落分析
Co-culture of activated sludge and algae in a photobioreactor and analysis of microbial community
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摘要: 利用污水处理厂好氧池活性污泥和来自二沉池壁的藻类构成菌藻生物反应器用以处理实际生活废水,探讨了不同泥藻接种比对废水处理效果的影响,并分析了稳定运行后的微生物群落组成。结果表明:泥/藻质量比为1∶0.75的混合系统对污染物质(COD、TN和TP)的去除效率最高;当HRT为2 d时,按泥/藻质量比为1∶0.75接种的光生物反应器(初始TSS为1.12 g·L−1)在搅拌和太阳光照射的条件下,对
${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$ -N的去除率可达99.7%,对${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$ 的去除率约为70%。利用高通量测序技术对运行42 d后反应器内(SRT为15 d)的细菌群落进行分析发现,优势细菌为厚壁菌门的微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium),蓝菌门的光合产氧蓝细菌属(Cyanobium)和变形菌门α-变形菌纲的不产氧光合好氧异养固氮红杆菌属(Rhodobacter),其相对丰度分别为23.32%、15.23%和5.77%。同时,反应器内还存在氧化亚硝酸盐的硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira),以及除磷的不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)和能进行好氧反硝化的副球菌(Paracoccus),其相对丰度分别为1.19%、0.58%和0.35%。Abstract: Biotreatment of real domestic sewage by algae and bacteria in a sequencing batch mode using a photobioreactor was investigated. The algae from the wall of the secondary sedimentation tank, and the activated sludge from the aeration tank of the same municipal wastewater treatment plant, were inoculated into the photobioreactor as the algae-bacteria inoculum. The effect of sludge and algae inoculation ratios on sewage treatment was discussed and the composition of microbial community during the stable operation was analyzed. The intermittent experiments showed that, when the mass ratio of sludge to algae was 1∶0.75, the highest removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP occurred. In the photobioreactor inoculated with sludge-algae mass ratio of 1∶0.75, under the conditions of the initial TSS of 1.12 g·L−1 and the hydraulic retention time of 2 days, as well as sunlight irradiation and stirring, the removal efficiencies of${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N and${\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }$ could reach 99.7% and 70%, respectively. Using high-throughput sequencing technologies to analyze the bacterial and fungal community composition in the photobioreactor with a SRT of 15 days after 42-day running, it was found that the predominant bacterial genus were Exiguobacterium in the Phylum Firmicutes, Cyanobium in the Phylum Cyanobacteria, and Rhodobacter in the Class Alphaproteobacteria, their relative abundances were 23.32%, 15.23% and 5.77%, respectively. At the same time, Nitrospira for nitrite oxidization, Acinetobacter for phosphorus removal and Paracoccus for aerobic denitrification, were also observed in the reactor, with the relative abundances of 1.19%, 0.58% and 0.35%, respectively. -
表 1 各组接种污泥量和藻种量
Table 1. Biomass of inoculated sludge and algae added in each group
组号 投加藻类质量/g 投加污泥质量/g 总质量/g 藻泥质量比 1 6.66 3.33 10.0 2∶1 2 8.0 2.0 10.0 4∶1 3 0 10.0 10.0 0∶1 4 9.1 0.9 10.0 10∶1 5 4.3 5.7 10.0 0.75∶1 6 10.0 0 10.0 1∶0 -
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