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全程自养脱氮工艺(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite,CANON)不但脱氮路径短,污泥产量低,无需外加碳源,比部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的温室气体排放少[1],还比传统硝化反硝化工艺节省约63%的曝气量,是最具发展前景的高效脱氮工艺[2-3]。然而,其内部主要的脱氮功能菌氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidation bacteria, AOB)和厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation, anammox)菌生长缓慢,富集难度大,其活性极易受环境因子(如
$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ +_4} $ -N、$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_2} $ -N、DO和pH等)的影响,使得CANON工艺启动和稳定运行面临巨大挑战[4-6]。有研究[7-8]表明,率先接种anammox污泥后,采用厌氧/限氧的运行方式能快速启动CANON工艺。李祥等[9]也指出,采用基于anammox污泥的厌氧/限氧启动模式是一种行之有效的策略,其在升流式生物膜反应器中,比基于普通活性污泥的好氧/限氧运行方式的启动时长缩短约72 d。但有关该启动模式所适用的调控参数,如DO、游离氨(free ammonia, FA)和游离亚硝酸(free nitrous acid, FNA)质量浓度等,依然存在较大争议,亟待进一步探究。DO作为CANON工艺运行的关键环境因子,其最适宜的调控范围至今尚未有定论。有研究者指出,在anammox污泥基础上,接种3 g·L−1的部分硝化污泥,并控制启动前期的DO为0.5~1 mg·L−1,待稳定运行后保持1.5~4.3 mg·L−1的DO范围,可以使CANON工艺高效运行,氮去除率(nitrogen removal rate, NRR)可达1.22 kg·(m3·d)−1[10]。以同样的启动模式,FANG等[11]则认为,调控DO为1.5~2.0 mg·L−1,亦可顺利启动CANON工艺,但NRR仅120 g·(m3·d)−1。另有研究者发现,高于0.7 mg·L−1的DO水平便会使
$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_2} $ 过量累积[12],需要严格控制DO为(0.35 ± 0.05) mg·L−1,才可实现AOB和anammox菌的协同生长,使NRR达0.51 kg·(m3·d)−1[13]。此外,$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ +_4} $ -N和$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_2} $ -N虽然是AOB和anammox菌的生长基质,但也极易抑制AOB和anammox菌的生长[14-15],主要以FA和FNA形式构成抑制,而且受体系内的pH影响很大[16]。部分研究结果表明,AOB和anammox菌的FNA抑制阈值分别为100 µg·L−1[17-18]和15 µg·L−1[4]。然而,PUYOL等[19]发现,FNA对anammox菌抑制的质量浓度为117 µg·L−1。同时,针对FA的抑制阈值,不同研究结果差异较大。有研究者指出,FA对anammox菌的抑制阈值为20~25 mg·L−1[20];部分研究表明,高于32.5 mg·L−1的FA会严重抑制AOB和anammox菌的生长[17];另有研究者发现,超过90 mg·L−1的FA才会抑制anammox菌活性[21]。以上研究结果充分表明,有关CANON工艺的运行调控策略急需进一步探究。尽管已有研究中均能顺利启动CANON工艺,并应用于实际废水的治理中。但关于CANON工艺启动模式、运行过程中FA和FNA的影响、高负荷运行所需的最佳环境条件及启动运行过程中微生物群落的响应特性仍有必要进行深入研究。为此,本研究以稳定运行的anammox系统为研究对象,先考察适宜anammox菌生长的最佳条件;再通过调控所筛选的环境条件,采取逐渐降低
$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_2} $ -N和提升$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ +_4} $ -N质量浓度的方式启动CANON工艺,并探究整个实验过程中微生物群落的响应特性;最后,深入分析CANON启动运行过程中,FA和FNA对氮转化速率的影响,以期为CANON工艺的实际应用提供参考。
由anammox转为CANON工艺的调控策略及微生物响应特性
Regulation strategies and microbial response characteristics in the transformation process from anammox to CANON
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摘要: 为探究全程自养脱氮工艺(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite,CANON)启动和高负荷运行过程中微生物响应特性并确定有效的调控策略,基于已稳定运行的厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox)系统,通过调控DO、pH和游离氨,并采取逐渐降低
$ {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_2}} $ -N和提升${ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + _4}}$ -N的质量浓度的方式将其转为CANON工艺。结果表明:以10~20 mg·L−1的游离氨为参考因素,调控DO为0.2~0.5 mg·L−1、pH为7.0~7.2,可有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌增殖,稳步提升氨氧化速率和氮去除速率(分别约为0.98 kg·(m3·d)−1和1.67 kg·(m3·d)−1),顺利启动CANON工艺;anammox和亚硝化途径对${ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + _4}}$ -N的转化比最终稳定在0.73左右;高质量浓度(>1 800 mg·L−1)的氨氮会促使anammox菌基因丰度增加,而使氨氧化菌基因丰度降低;anammox菌在CANON启动前期和高负荷条件下分别以Candidatus Kuenenia和Candidatus Brocadia为优势菌属,而SM1A02作为可能的anammox菌属同氨氧化菌属Nitrosomona在启动过程中始终为优势菌属。Abstract: To explore the microbial response characteristics during the start-up and the high-load operation phase and determine the effective regulation strategy of the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process, a stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) system was conducted by adjusting the environmental factors (DO, pH and free ammonia), gradually reducing the concentration of nitrite and increasing the concentration of ammonia, then its transformation to CANON process was completed. The results showed that when the free ammonia was 10~20 mg·L−1, DO was 0.2~0.5 mg·L−1, and pH was 7.0~7.2, the growth of nitrite oxidation bacteria was inhibited, the ammonia oxidation rate and nitrogen removal rate could be gradually improved to 0.98 and 1.60 kg·(m3·d)−1, respectively, and start-up of CANON was successfully completed. In addition, the$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ +_4} $ -N transformation ratio of anammox and nitrification pathway was finally stable at about 0.73. High concentration (>1 800 mg·L−1) of ammonia increased the abundance of anammox, but had an opposite effect on the ammonium oxidizing bacteria. The Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Brocadia were the main genera of anammox bacteria under the early stage of the start-up and high-load condition, respectively. However, the SM1A02, as a possible genus of anammox bacteria, and Nitrosomonas, as a genus of AOB, were always the main genera during the start-up. -
表 1 anammox批次实验的运行条件
Table 1. Experimental set-up of the anammox batch test
因素 pH FA/(mg·L−1) FNA/(µg·L−1) 转速/(r·min−1) DO 7.2 5.01 5.59 闭口120 7.2 5.01 5.59 敞口50 7.2 5.01 5.59 敞口80 7.2 5.01 5.59 敞口120 7.2 5.01 5.59 敞口180 7.2 5.01 5.59 敞口250 pH 6 0.04 175.97 150 6.5 0.13 55.71 150 7 0.42 17.62 150 8 3.82 1.76 150 9 19.65 0.18 150 9.5 28.69 0.06 150 FNA 7.2 5.01 5.12 150 7.2 5.01 10.24 150 7.2 5.01 15.83 150 7.2 5.01 20.49 150 7.2 5.01 30.73 150 7.2 5.01 50.29 150 FA 7.2 5.01 5.59 150 7.2 10.03 5.59 150 7.2 15.04 5.59 150 7.2 20.06 5.59 150 7.2 30.09 5.59 150 7.2 50.15 5.59 150 表 2 CANON工艺启动过程的运行条件
Table 2. Operation conditions of the CANON process during start-up phase
阶段 时间/d 进水 -N/${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ +_4} $
(mg·L−1)进水 -N/${\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ - _2}$
(mg·L−1)DO/
(mg·L−1)pH Ⅰ 0~17 350 250 0.35±0.15 7.10±0.05 18~43 400 200 0.28±0.10 7.03±0.10 44~69 500 100 0.20±0.10 7.10±0.08 Ⅱ 70~77 600 0 0.21±0.02 7.08±0.10 78~83 800 0 0.20±0.02 7.13±0.07 84~88 1 000 0 0.20±0.02 7.07±0.10 89~97 1 200 0 0.20±0.02 7.07±0.09 98~131 1 400 0 0.20±0.02 7.10±0.10 132~138 1 600 0 0.22±0.02 7.10±0.10 139~143 1 800 0 0.25±0.10 7.10±0.05 144~149 2 000 0 0.27±0.07 7.20±0.05 Ⅲ 150~162 2 000 0 0.37±0.10 7.20±0.05 表 3 qPCR引物相应的寡核苷酸序列汇总
Table 3. A summary of oligonucleotide sequences of the primers for qPCR
目标 引物 序列(5′~3′) PCR产物
长度/bp参考文献 扩增条件 amoA amoA-F GGACTTCACGCTGTATCTG 135 [25-26] 94 ℃预变性5 min,35个循环
(95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,
72 ℃延伸45 s)amoA-R GTGCCTTCTACAACGATTGG NirS NirS-2F TACCACCC(C/G)GA(A/G)CCGCGCGT 164 [27-28] NirS-3R GCCGCCGTC(A/G)TG(A/C/G)AGGAA Anammox
16S rRNA808F ARCYGTAAACGATGGGCACTAA 262 [29] 95 ℃预变性3 min,35个循环
(95 ℃变性30 s,45 ℃退火30 s,
72 ℃延伸30 s)1040R CAGCCATGCAACACCTGTRATA Nitrobacter NSR1113F CCTGCTTTCAGTTGCTACCG 152 [25, 30] 95 ℃预变性5 min,35个循环
(95 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,
72 ℃延伸30 s)NSR1264R GTTTGCAGCGCTTTGTACCG Nitrospira Nitro1198F ACCCCTAGCAAATCTCAAAAAACCG 220 [31] Nitro1423R CTTCACCCCAGTCGCTGACC 表 4 CANON工艺启动过程中部分菌属相对丰度的变化
Table 4. Changes in relative abundance of some genus during the start-up of CANON process
菌属 相对丰度/% 0 d 77 d 139 d 162 d Nitrosomonas 0.46 19.33 23.42 18.95 SM1A02 0.49 1.32 9.06 13.15 Unidentified_Anaerolineaceae 12.26 2.38 4.47 2.18 Truepera 0.14 0.23 7.16 5.3 Arenimonas 0.15 0.11 7.7 9.2 Thauera 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.01 Denitratisoma 4.95 0.96 0.19 0.44 Caldithrix 0.14 0.95 0.02 0.01 Candidatus_Kuenenia 0.16 0 0 0.01 Candidatus_Jettenia 0 0.06 0 0 Candida-tus_Brocadia 0 0.04 0 0.01 AOB 0.46 19.33 23.42 18.95 Anammox 0.66 1.42 9.07 13.17 DNB 5.11 1.98 0.23 0.46 注:表中AOB主要指Nitrosomona;anammox菌为SM1A02、Candidatus Jettenia、Candidatus Brocadia和Candidatus Kuenenia的集合;DNB为Thauera、Denitratisoma和Caldithrix的集合。 -
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