-
好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge, AGS)是微生物细胞在一定选择压下自凝聚形成的一种规则而紧密的颗粒状污泥[1]。与普通活性污泥相比,AGS具有结构紧密、沉降性优良、微生物量高、同步脱氮除磷、耐有机负荷等优点[2-3],AGS形成机制日益成为污水处理领域的研究热点。污泥中的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)是微生物在一定环境条件下分泌的高分子物质,其主要成分是蛋白质(protein, PN)和多糖(polysaccharides, PS),还有少量的腐殖酸、脂质、核酸以及富里酸类物质[4]。EPS作为细胞菌胶团的重要组分,其含量变化可改变微生物细胞表面特性,影响细胞间的相互凝聚能力[5],促进AGS形成和维持其颗粒状立体结构[6],对好氧污泥颗粒化具有重要作用。
目前,有关AGS的EPS成分的研究结果具有较大差异。OLIVERIRA等[7]认为,在好氧污泥颗粒化过程中PN是EPS的主要成分,而LIN等[8]则发现EPS中PS含量最高。TAY等[9]认为,EPS中的PS可提高微生物细胞间的凝聚力,具有强化AGS结构稳定性的功能。WANG等[10]和ADAV等[11]也证明 PS作为AGS的核心并构成内部骨架以支撑整个颗粒状立体结构。但LIU等[12]和MCSWAIN等[13]认为PN是AGS的核心,CHEN等[14]亦发现PN是维持AGS结构稳定的关键物质。因此,在EPS对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响方面仍存在分歧。
本研究考察了污泥EPS中PN含量和污泥表面特性的相关性,采用三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum, 3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)等技术对接种污泥和AGS EPS组分和官能团进行了比较,明确了接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥中EPS组成成分的差异,同时使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM)确定AGS EPS的分布情况,进一步了解EPS中PN对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响,以期为AGS形成的机理研究及其技术发展提供参考。
胞外聚合物中蛋白质对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响
Effect of protein in extracellular polymeric substance on aerobic sludge granulation
-
摘要: 为确定胞外聚合物(EPS)中蛋白质(PN)对好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)形成的影响,研究了好氧污泥颗粒化过程,污泥EPS变化规律及其与污泥表面特性的相关性,分析了AGS和接种污泥EPS组分和相关官能团的差异并确定了EPS分布情况。结果表明,在好氧污泥颗粒化期间,EPS中PN含量由13.98 mg·g−1增加到41.86 mg·g−1,多糖(PS)含量维持在15.88~26.74 mg·g−1,PN与PS的比值(PN/PS)由0.88增加到1.57。PN含量与污泥Zeta电位和污泥表面疏水性(RH)分别呈负相关和正相关,所对应的相关系数(r)分别为0.950和0.934。与接种污泥相比,AGS的EPS中代表酪氨酸和色氨酸类蛋白质的荧光强度增强,并且出现芳香族蛋白和富里酸类物质以及含有N—H官能团的蛋白质。因此,在好氧污泥颗粒化过程中,EPS中PN种类和含量均有所增加,污泥Zeta电位降低,RH升高,对微生物相互聚集形成AGS具有促进作用。Abstract: In order to determine the effect of protein (PN) in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the formation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS), the variation of EPS in aerobic sludge granulation process and its correlation with sludge surface characteristics were studied. The differences of EPS components and related functional groups were analyzed between AGS and inoculated sludge, and the distribution of EPS was determined. The results showed that the PN content increased from 13.98 mg·g−1 to 41.86 mg·g−1, the polysaccharides (PS) content maintained at 15.88~26.74 mg·g−1, and the PN/PS ratio (PN/PS) increased from 0.88 to 1.57 during the aerobic sludge granulation. The PN content was negatively correlated with Zeta potential and positively correlated with sludge surface hydrophobicity (RH), with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.902 and 0.872, respectively. Compared with inoculated sludge, the fluorescence intensity of protein representing tyrosine and tryptophan in EPS of AGS increased, and aromatic protein, fulvic acid substance and protein with N—H functional group appeared. Therefore, in the process of aerobic sludge granulation, both the type and content of PN in EPS increased, Zeta potential decreased and RH increased, which promoted the formation of AGS through aggregation of microbes.
-
Key words:
- protein /
- aerobic granular sludge /
- extracellular polymeric substances /
- polysaccharides /
- granulation
-
表 1 模拟废水质组成
Table 1. Water quality of simulated wastewater
成分 质量浓度/
(mg·L−1)成分 质量浓度/
(mg·L−1)C6H12O6 500~1 200 FeCl3·6H2O 500 CH3COONa 300~600 CuCl2·2H2O 30 NH4Cl 40~90 MnCl2·4H2O 120 KH2PO4 8~18 ZnCl2·6H2O 120 [CH2N(CH2COOH)2]2 100 H3BO3 150 MgSO4·7H2O 30 KI 30 FeSO4·7H2O 30 Na2MoO4·2H2O 60 EDTA 20 CoCl2·6H2O 150 注:表1右列成分为微量元素溶液组成。 表 2 SBR运行参数
Table 2. Operating parameters of SBR
运行时间/d 进水/min 曝气/min 沉淀/min 排水/min 闲置/min 表面上升气速/(cm·s−1) COD/(mg·L−1) 1~13 4 338 15 1 2 0.86 800 14~28 4 341 12 1 2 1.25 1 000 29~43 4 343 10 1 2 1.86 1 200 44~57 4 345 8 1 2 2.65 1 600 58~75 4 348 5 1 2 3.87 1 600 76~110 4 351 2 1 2 4.64 1 800 表 3 荧光染料
Table 3. Fluorescent dye
荧光染料 Em/nm Ex/nm 标记目标 染色时间/min 异硫氰酸荧光素 488 500~550 PN 60 刀豆蛋白A 543 550~600 PS 30 碘化丙啶 535 615 死细胞 30 4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚 346 454 活细胞 10 表 4 EPS中各类物质吸收峰面积
Table 4. Absorption peak area of various substances in EPS
EPS来源 PN PS
(1 140~1 100 cm−1)核酸
(993~893 cm−1)酰胺Ⅰ
(1 650~1 660 cm−1)酰胺Ⅱ
(1 550 cm−1)酰胺Ⅲ
(1 260 cm−1)接种污泥 — — 36.43 85.89 3.93 AGS 133.87 52.51 — 108.65 7.10 -
[1] KHAN M Z, MONDAL P K, SABIR S. Aerobic granulation for wastewater bioremediation: A review[J]. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2013, 91(6): 1045-1058. [2] KONG Q, NGO H H, SHU L, et al. Enhancement of aerobic granulation by zero-valent iron in sequencing batch airlift reactor[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 279: 511-517. [3] PRONK M, BASSIN J P, DE KREUK M K, et al. Evaluating the main and side effects of high salinity on aerobic granular sludge[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2014, 98(3): 1339-1348. [4] DING Z J, BOURVEN I, GUIBAUD G, et al. Role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production in bioaggregation: Application to wastewater treatment[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015, 99(23): 9883-9905. [5] WANG Z P, LIU L L, YAO J, et al. Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors[J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 63(10): 1728-1735. [6] JIANG B, LIU Y. Roles of ATP-dependent N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in aerobic granulation[J]. Chemosphere, 2012, 88(9): 1058-1064. [7] OLIVEIRA A S, AMORIM C L, RAMOS M A, et al. Variability in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances from a full-scale aerobic granular sludge reactor treating urban wastewater[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020, 8(5): 104156. [8] LIN Y M, DE KREUK M, VAN LOOSDRECHT M C M, et al. Characterization of alginate-like exopolysaccharides isolated from aerobic granular sludge in pilot-plant[J]. Water Research, 2010, 44(11): 3355-3364. [9] TAY J H, LIU Q S, LIU Y. The role of cellular polysaccharides in the formation and stability of aerobic granules[J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2001, 33(3): 222-226. [10] WANG Z W, LIU Y, TAY J H. Distribution of EPS and cell surface hydrophobicity in aerobic granules[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2006, 69(4): 469-473. [11] ADAV S S, LEE D J, SHOW K Y, et al. Aerobic granular sludge: Recent advances[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2008, 26(5): 411-423. [12] LIU H, FANG H H P. Characterization of electrostatic binding sites of extracellular polymers by linear programming analysis of titration data[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2002, 80(7): 806-811. [13] MCSWAIN B S, IRVINE R L, HAUSNER M, et al. Composition and distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic flocs and granular sludge[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71(2): 1051-1057. [14] CHEN M Y, LEE D J, TAY J H. Distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granules[J]. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 2007, 73(6): 1463-1469. [15] 张云霞, 季民, 李超, 等. 好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的生化性研究[J]. 环境科学, 2008, 29(11): 3124-3127. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2008.11.023 [16] DUBOIS M, GILLES K A, HAMILTON J K, et al. Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 28(5): 250-256. [17] WALKER J M. The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for protein quantitation[J]. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1994, 32: 5-8. [18] 国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002. [19] 张兰河, 李军, 郭静波, 等. EPS 对活性污泥絮凝沉降性能与表面性质的影响[J]. 化工学报, 2012, 63(6): 1865-1871. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0438-1157.2012.06.030 [20] CHEN M Y, LEE D J, TAY J H, et al. Staining of extracellular polymeric substances and cells in bioaggregates[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007, 75(2): 467-474. [21] HAO T W. LUO J H, WEI L, et al Physicochemical and biological characterization of long-term operated sulfate reducing granular sludge in the SANI ® process[J]. Water Research, 2015, 71: 74-84. [22] DURMAZ B, SANIN F D. Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio on the composition of microbial extracellular polymers in activated sludge[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 44(10): 221-229. [23] 王浩宇, 苏本生, 黄丹, 等. 好氧污泥颗粒化过程中Zeta电位与EPS的变化特性[J]. 环境科学, 2012, 33(5): 1614-1620. [24] SHENG G P, YU H Q, LI X Y. Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: A review[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2010, 28(6): 882-894. [25] 蔡春光, 刘军深, 蔡伟民. 胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒化中的作用机理[J]. 中国环境科学, 2004, 24(5): 623-626. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2004.05.027 [26] LIU Y, TAY J H. The essential role of hydrodynamic shear force in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge[J]. Water Research, 2002, 36(7): 1653-1665. [27] DIGANCE M F, URBAIN V, RYBACKI D, et al. Chemical description of extracellular polymers: Implication on activated sludge floc structure[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 38: 45-53. [28] 张丽丽, 陈效, 陈建孟, 等. 胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒污泥形成中的作用机制[J]. 环境科学, 2007, 28(4): 4795-4799. [29] WHITELEY C G, LEE D J. Bacterial diguanylate cyclases: Structure, function and mechanism in exopolysaccharide biofilm development[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2015, 33(1): 124-141. [30] DONG J J, ZHANG Z M, YU Z D, et al. Evolution and functional analysis of extracellular polymeric substances during the granulation of aerobic sludge used to treat p-chloroaniline wastewater[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 330: 596-604. [31] 吴志高. 胞外聚合物(EPS) 对污泥沉降性能的影响及其在生物除磷中的作用研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2006. [32] SCHMITT J, FLEMMING H C. FTIR-spectroscopy in microbial and material analysis[J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 1998, 41(1): 1-11. [33] BEECH I, HANJAGSIT L, KALAJI M, et al. Chemical and structural characterization of exopolymers produced by Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB 2021 in continuous culture[J]. Microbiology, 1999, 145(6): 1491-1497. [34] DZWOLAK W, KATO M, TANIGUCHI Y. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in high-pressure studies on proteins[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA): Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 2002, 1595(1/2): 131-144. [35] BARTH A, ZSCHERP C. What vibrations tell us about proteins[J]. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, 2002, 35(4): 369-430. [36] BADIREDDY A R, KORPOL B R, CHANKARAMAN S, et al. Spectroscopic characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens: Suppression using sub-inhibitory concentrations of bismuth thiols[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2008, 9(11): 3079-3089.