葡萄常用5种杀虫剂对典型陆生生物影响的初级风险评估
Primary Risk Assessment of Five Common Insecticides for Grapes to Typical Terrestrial Organisms
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摘要: 采用现有的环境风险评估标准方法，评估了目前葡萄上未登记但常用的吡虫啉、敌敌畏、啶虫脒、毒死蜱和氯氟氰菊酯等5种杀虫剂对环境生物鸟类、蜜蜂、非靶标节肢动物和土壤生物的初级风险。评估结果显示，对于鸟类，吡虫啉、啶虫脒的长期风险及氯氟氰菊酯的急性风险可接受，吡虫啉、啶虫脒的急性、短期风险以及敌敌畏、毒死蜱的急性、短期和长期风险均不可接受。对于蜜蜂，啶虫脒的风险可接受，其余4种杀虫剂的风险均不可接受。针对非靶标节肢动物，仅农田外场景下啶虫脒对捕食性非靶标节肢动物的风险可接受，农田内场景下对其风险不可接受，且农田内外场景下，啶虫脒对寄生性非靶标节肢动物和吡虫啉、毒死蜱对寄生性、捕食性非靶标节肢动物的风险均不可接受。针对土壤生物，吡虫啉、啶虫脒和毒死蜱对蚯蚓和土壤微生物的风险均可接受，氯氟氰菊酯对蚯蚓以及敌敌畏对土壤微生物的风险可接受。建议所试5种杀虫剂在葡萄园喷雾施用时，尤其需注意对蜜蜂、非靶标节肢动物和鸟类等陆生生物的保护，采取必要的风险降低措施。评估结果将为所选杀虫剂后续在葡萄园中的推广应用及农药产品的登记提供参考。Abstract: Five insecticides, including imidacloprid, dichlorvos, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, and cyhalothrin, have not been registered, but are commonly used on grapes at present. In the present study, the primary risk of the above-mentioned five insecticides to environmental organisms, such as birds, bees, non-target arthropods, and soil organisms, was assessed according to the existing risk assessment method. The results showed that the long-term risks of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, and the acute risk of cyhalothrin to birds were acceptable. The acute, short-term, and long-term risks of dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos to birds, as well as the acute and short-term risks of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, were unacceptable. The risk of acetamiprid to honeybee was acceptable, while that of the other four insecticides was unacceptable. As for non-target arthropods, only the risk of acetamiprid to predatory non-target arthropods in off-field scenarios was acceptable. The risk of that in an in-field scenario was unacceptable. In both in-field and off-field scenarios, the risks of acetamiprid to parasitical non-target arthropods, and the risks of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos to predatory and parasitical non-target arthropods were also unacceptable. The risks of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and chlorpyrifos to soil organisms, i.e., earthworms and soil microorganisms were all acceptable. The risk of cyhalothrin to earthworms and that of dichlorvos to soil microorganisms were acceptable. These findings suggested that the protection of terrestrial organisms, honeybees, non-target arthropods, and birds should be assumed especially when spraying the above-mentioned insecticides in vineyards, and necessary risk reduction measures should be taken. The assessment results could provide a reference for the subsequent application of the selected insecticides in vineyards and the registration of pesticide products.
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Key words:
- insecticides /
- terrestrial organisms /
- environmental risk assessment /
- grapes
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