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氮氧化物 (NOx,主要包括NO和NO2) 作为大气污染物,不仅会危害人群健康[1-2],还是造成酸雨、雾霾和光化学烟雾的重要因素[3]。柴油车是我国NOx的重要来源。根据生态环境部最新发布的《中国移动源环境管理年报 (2022) 》,我国柴油车NOx排放占汽车排放总量的88%以上。
目前,NH3选择性催化还原 (NH3-SCR) 技术是柴油车尾气NOx净化的主流技术,其核心是催化剂。以V2O5/TiO2和V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2催化剂为代表的钒基催化剂被广泛应用于固定源烟气脱硝,其催化效率高、抗硫性能优异,也被引入柴油车NOx催化净化领域,并规模化应用于我国国四和国五阶段柴油车尾气NOx排放控制技术中[4-5]。钒具有生物毒性,且温度窗口较窄、热稳定性较差[6],限制了钒基氧化物催化剂的进一步应用。目前,以Cu-SSZ-13为代表的Cu基小孔分子筛因其良好的催化性能和水热稳定性,在国六柴油车尾气NOx催化净化中广泛应用。开发具有优异NH3-SCR活性的环境友好型催化剂一直是该领域的研究热点。
由于具有优异的氧化还原性能,CeO2作为催化剂的活性组分、助剂和载体得到了广泛应用[7-8],但是纯CeO2催化剂的催化活性和热稳定性较差。在NH3-SCR反应中,氧化还原位点和酸性位点存在协同作用。因此,将同种功能位点高度分散,不同功能位点紧密耦合成为该类催化剂的设计原则[9]。基于该原则,研究者们引入一系列助剂 (Ti[10-11]、W[12-13]、Nb[14-16]、Zr[17]和Sn[18-19]等) ,以改善纯CeO2催化剂的性能。其中,SnO2拥有大量的本征氧缺陷和较强的Lewis酸性[20-22],因此受到了广泛关注。CeO2-SnO2在250~450 ℃可实现大于60%的NOx转化率[18]。该催化剂体系兼具抗水抗硫性能[18]、抗钾中毒[23]和抗铅中毒[19]性能,具有良好应用前景。
研究者们通过助剂掺杂提升了CeO2-SnO2催化剂的催化活性。ZHANG等[24]通过溶剂热法制备得到了Ce-Sn-Ti三元氧化物催化剂,其在180~460 ℃实现了90%的NOx转化率。LIU等[25]发现Ce1W0.24Sn2Ox催化剂具有优异的NH3-SCR性能,W物种通过与Ce物种耦合形成了新的Ce-O-W活性位点,同时提高了催化剂在150~300 ℃下的NO氧化能力,抑制了高温下NH3的氧化。由于Nb2O5中的Nb—OH和Nb=O可作为Brønsted和Lewis酸性位点吸附更多的NH3物种[14,26-28],且有助于增加催化剂的氧空位[28-29],因此可作为活性组分或助剂提高催化剂的NH3-SCR活性。基于对CeO2-SnO2的研究和理解,本研究将Nb引入CeO2-SnO2催化剂开发新型CeSnNbOx金属氧化物催化剂,并结合多种表征手段阐明Nb对催化剂活性的促进作用,以期明确Nb掺杂对于活性提升的作用机制,为开发高效Ce基氧化物催化剂提供参考。
Nb掺杂对CeO2-SnO2催化剂NH3-SCR活性的促进作用
Promotional effect of Nb doping on NH3-SCR activity over CeO2-SnO2 oxide catalyst
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摘要: NH3选择性催化还原 (NH3-SCR) 是柴油车尾气NOx净化的主流技术。将Nb引入CeO2-SnO2得到了一种新型的CeSnNbOx金属氧化物催化剂,考察了Nb掺杂对催化剂结构、元素价态、活性位点、氧化还原性能、表面酸性和吸附性能的影响,并结合BET、XRD、XPS、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD和in situ DRIFTS等多种表征手段明确了Nb对该催化剂活性的促进作用。结果表明,Ce1Sn2Nb1Ox催化剂表现出最佳活性,在温度为250~500 ℃时,达到接近100%的NOx转化率。Nb掺杂改善了催化剂的比表面积和总孔体积,合理调控了催化剂表面酸性和氧化还原性能。此外,催化剂表面高度分散的Nb物种可能与Ce物种耦合形成新的Ce-O-Nb活性位点,有助于催化剂NH3-SCR性能的提升。本研究可为开发高效Ce基氧化物催化剂提供参考。
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关键词:
- 柴油车尾气净化 /
- 氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物 /
- Ce基氧化物催化剂 /
- 铌物种
Abstract: NOx emissions from diesel vehicles can induce a series of environmental pollution problems, including acid rain, haze and photochemical smog. Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) is the dominant technology for NOx abatement from diesel vehicle exhaust. In this study, Nb was introduced to CeO2-SnO2 to obtain a novel CeSnNbOx metal oxide catalyst. The effects of Nb doping on the structure, element valence state, active site, redox performance, surface acidity, and surface adsorption performance of the catalysts were investigated. By combining various characterization methods including BET, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and in situ DRIFTS, the promoting effect of Nb on the activity of this catalyst was clarified. The results showed that the Ce1Sn2Nb1Ox catalyst exhibited the best activity, achieving nearly 100% NOx conversion in the temperature range of 250~500 ℃. Nb doping improved the specific surface area and total pore volume of the catalyst, and reasonably regulated the surface acidity and redox performance of the catalyst. In addition, the highly dispersed Nb species on the surface of the catalyst may couple with the Ce species to form a new Ce-O-Nb active site, which contributed to improve the NH3-SCR performance of the catalyst. This study can provide reference for the development of efficient Ce-based oxide catalysts. -
表 1 Ce1Sn2Ox和Ce1Sn2NbaOx催化剂的结构参数
Table 1. Structural parameters of Ce1Sn2Ox and Ce1Sn2NbaOx catalysts
样品 比表面积/(m2∙g-1) 平均孔径/nm 总孔体积/(cm3∙g-1) Ce1Sn2Ox 50.1 11.6 0.14 Ce1Sn2Nb0.1Ox 47.9 10.8 0.13 Ce1Sn2Nb0.5Ox 47.5 14.7 0.18 Ce1Sn2Nb1Ox 56.9 19.6 0.27 Ce1Sn2Nb1.5Ox 44.3 19.2 0.21 Ce1Sn2Nb2Ox 37.2 20.8 0.19 -
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