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水环境中的重金属因其较高的毒性和不可被生物降解性而被认为是主要的金属污染物[1]。人类活动(工业、农业)生产了大量的重金属,通过水循环和大气沉降进入到水体当中,易被固体颗粒物吸附,经沉降作用在沉积物中富集,当沉积物环境因子改变或受到扰动时重新释放到上覆水[2]。由于食物链作用,重金属的毒性使人们增加了患病的风险[3-5]。重金属污染日趋严重,世界各地政府部门为此采取了多种应对措施,美国环境保护局(U.S Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)将沉积物重金属监测作为水环境评价的重要内容,我国于2002年颁布了《海洋沉积物质量标准:GB 18688—2002》。已有研究表明,重金属赋存形态的不同会导致理化特性的差异,继而影响其本身的迁移转化过程,同时也对其生物可利用性和潜在的生物毒性产生重要的影响[6-9]。
随着人们对环境问题的重视程度逐步提高,沉积物重金属污染研究日益成为研究的热点。重金属污染评价和迁移转化机理研究相对较多,但无论是何种研究方向,都需要对重金属监测工作作为其研究基础。传统形态分析方法如Tessier连续提取法和BCR连续提取法[10-13],原位分析方法如薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusive Gradients In Thin-Films Technique,DGT)[14-15]等相继被提出,并在具体研究工作中得到了实际应用。
沉积物生物有效态重金属测定分析研究进展
Determination and analysis of bioavailable heavy metals in sediments
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摘要: 基于国内外相关文献研究,文章回溯了沉积物重金属测定分析技术历史进展,将各种采样技术做了简要的概述,分析了各项技术的优缺点,提出薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)更适合沉积物重金属生物有效态的原位监测。文章还阐述了DGT主要分析方法供相关研究人员参考。对未来DGT技术的发展和分析方法的创新提出展望。DGT基于吸附动力学原理能较好地模拟生物的吸收过程,同时利用DGT技术对沉积物-水界面(SWI)进行二维高分辨率研究有助于进一步探究重金属迁移转化的影响机制,为沉积物重金属污染防治及水环境保护提供技术支持。Abstract: Based on the research of relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper traces the historical progress on determination and analysis technology of heavy metals in sediment, briefly summarizes various sampling technologies, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each technology. It is pointed out that the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique (DGT) is more suitable for in-situ measurement of bioavailable heavy metals in sediments. The main analysis methods of DGT are also described in this paper for researchers on the related field. The development of DGT technology and the innovation of analysis methods in the future are prospected. DGT can simulate the biosorption process based on the principle of adsorption kinetics. And the two-dimensional high-resolution study of the sediment-water interface (SWI) using DGT is helpful to further explore the mechanism of heavy metal transport and transformation, provides the technical support for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in sediments and water environment protection.
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Key words:
- sediment /
- heavy metal /
- bioavailable /
- DGT /
- in-situ measurement
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