基于物种敏感性分布的多环芳烃水生态系统风险评价方法与应用
Aquatic Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Based on Species Sensitivity Distribution
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摘要: 多环芳烃（PAHs）是一种典型的持久性有机物，当前对PAHs的水生态风险评价中，主要集中在个体与种群水平，难以反映生态系统各级物种对PAHs毒性的综合响应。基于美国生态毒理数据库（ECOTOX），根据水生态系统各营养级功能组分类筛选，获得可靠的物种急、慢性毒性数据，以Burr Ⅲ型分布拟合曲线，构建萘、芴、蒽、苊、芘、菲、苯并芘和荧蒽这8种常见PAHs的物种敏感性分布（SSD）曲线，结合急慢性比率系数法，外推出基于生态系统水平的慢性水质基准值，分别为10.25、6.75、0.06、1.95、0.03、3.50、0.05和0.50 μg·L-1；并将计算结果与国内外已有基准/标准进行了对比，偏差不超过一个数量级，验证了计算结果的可靠性和准确性；运用所建方法对松花江、辽河、海河、黄河、长江、淮河和珠江这七大流域进行PAHs生态风险评价，发现海河和长江流域的PAHs生态风险较低，黄河、淮河和珠江流域的PAHs生态风险中等，松花江和辽河流域的PAHs生态风险最高。所建方法具原理易懂、计算简便和应用方便的特点，为相似污染物水质基准的建立和生态风险评价提供了参考。Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of typical persistent organic matters, which are widely distributed in China's water body. Ecological risk assessment of PAHs is now a hot issue and is of great significance to the management and protection of aquatic ecosystems. At present, the aquatic ecological risk assessment of PAHs is mainly focused on individual and population level, and there is still a lack of ecosystem level studies. Based on the Ecotoxicology Database of United States Environmental Protection Agency (ECOTOX), this paper obtains reliable acute and chronic toxicity data of species according to the trophic functional group classification of aquatic ecosystems, and develops the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves of eight common PAHs such as naphthalene, aenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzopyrene, using Burr Ⅲ distribution fitting curve. Combined with the acute and chronic data ratio method, the baseline values of chronic toxicological water quality based on ecosystem level are derived, which are 10.25, 6.75, 0.06, 1.95, 0.03, 3.50, 0.05, 0.50 μg·L-1 respectively. These results are close to the values of existing standards at home and abroad, which verifies the reliability and accuracy of the results. The developed method is applied for the ecological risk assessment of PAHs in the seven major river basins of Songhua River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Yellow River, Yangtze River, Huaihe River and Pearl River. It is found that the risk of the Haihe River and the Yangtze River is low; the risk of the Yellow River, the Huaihe River and the Pearl River is moderate; the risk of the Songhua River and the Liaohe River is the highest. The method developed in this paper provides a reference for the establishment of water quality benchmarks for PAHs and similar pollutants, as well as for ecological risk assessment at the ecosystem level.
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