-
双酚类物质是常见的内分泌干扰物,作为添加剂被广泛用于塑料、树脂、涂料、胶水和防腐剂等工业产品的生产中[1 − 3],在环境介质、野生动物和人群中均有检出[4 − 7]. 双酚类物质主要经口、呼吸道和皮肤等途径进入体内[8 − 11],可通过干扰内分泌系统、生殖系统、神经系统的正常功能而影响健康 [12 − 15]. 双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)是目前应用最广的双酚类物质[1]. 双酚S(bisphenol S, BPS)和双酚AF(bisphenol AF, BPAF)作为重要的BPA替代品(结构如图1所示),是目前人体和环境样品中检出率较高的双酚类物质[16 − 19]. 研究表明,BPA在孕妇血液和尿液中的浓度分别可以达到291 nmol·L−1 和567 nmol·L−1 [20 − 21],BPS在男性尿液样本中浓度可达48.3 nmol·L−1 [22],BPAF在人血浆中浓度可达49.3 nmol·L−1 [23]. 有研究表明,BPA在
1000 nmol·L−1浓度下暴露HepG2细胞,5 d后细胞活力显著降低,在100 nmol·L−1浓度下可诱导细胞发生胰岛素抵抗[24]. BPS和BPAF分别在80 μmol·L−1和45 μmol·L−1的浓度下暴露细胞,72 h后导致20%的细胞死亡[25]. 体内实验结果显示,BPA在5 mg·kg−1·d−1的暴露剂量下对小鼠生殖和发育无明显损害作用,但会导致小鼠脾脏中T helper cell 17 (Th17)细胞数量的增加[26-27]. 基于BPA对免疫的影响欧洲食品安全局设立了可耐受每日摄入量(TDI)为0.2 ng·kg−1·d−1 [28]. 目前的研究显示,BPA进入人体后主要被代谢成葡萄糖醛酸盐和硫酸盐缀合物,并最终通过尿液排出体外,其人体半衰期大约为1.5 h[26]. BPS主要在肝脏中代谢为葡糖苷酸,半衰期大约为6.8 h[29]. BPAF在体内主要代谢为相应的葡糖苷酸[30],但BPAF人体代谢周期目前未见报道。一项在大鼠体内的研究表明,BPAF在血浆中半衰期约为3.35 h[31]. 虽然双酚类物质在人体中代谢速度较快,但在长期稳定暴露下的情况下,双酚类物质仍然存在环境暴露风险.外泌体是由细胞分泌的直径为30—150 nm的双层膜囊泡,包含蛋白质、核酸、脂质等功能性分子,在细胞通讯中发挥重要作用[32 − 38]. 外泌体包含的分子是其信息传递的物质基础,而外泌体的数量决定了信号的强弱. 外泌体由细胞器多泡体向内出芽形成,通过多泡体与质膜融合释放[32],该过程受外界刺激干扰[39 − 41]. 已有研究证明,多环芳烃可促进肝细胞释放外泌体[41],表明环境污染物可通过干扰外泌体的分泌过程导致毒性,促进疾病的发生发展. 然而,目前双酚类物质对外泌体分泌的影响尚不明确. 因此,本文研究了BPA、BPS、BPAF在人体可检出浓度范围内对外泌体分泌的影响,从而更全面地评估双酚类物质的毒性效应,为相关政策的制定提供更全面的依据.
双酚类物质对外泌体分泌的影响
The effect of bisphenols on the secretion of exosomes
-
摘要: 双酚类物质是一种常见的内分泌干扰物,广泛应用于工业生产. 其中,双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)及其替代物双酚S(bisphenol S,BPS)和双酚AF(bisphenol AF,BPAF)可通过饮食、呼吸、皮肤吸收等途径进入人体,并影响机体健康. 外泌体作为细胞分泌的囊泡,在细胞通讯中起重要作用,参与多种生理和病理过程. 研究表明,环境污染物可影响外泌体的分泌过程. 然而,双酚类物质对外泌体分泌的影响未见报道. 因此,本文以双酚类物质为研究对象,研究其对细胞外泌体分泌的影响. 通过超高速离心法提取高浓度外泌体,并结合透射电子显微镜、纳米颗粒追踪分析技术(Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis,NTA)和蛋白免疫印迹技术对外泌体进行表征. 结果表明,200 nmol·L−1 和500 nmol·L−1 BPA暴露HepG2细胞24 h后,会显著促进外泌体的分泌,而BPS和BPAF在人体相关浓度下(50 nmol·L−1)对外泌体的分泌无影响. 本研究结果将为双酚类物质的毒性评估和机制研究提供新的思路.Abstract: Bisphenols are common endocrine-disrupting contaminants that are widely used in industrial production. Among them, bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitutes bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) can enter the body through diet, respiration, and skin absorption, and affect the health of the body. Exosomes, as vesicles secreted by cells, play an important role in cellular communication and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The secretion of exosomes can be influenced by environmental pollutant. However, the effects of bisphenols on exosome secretion have not been reported. This study focuses on bisphenols and investigates their effects on the secretion of exosome. High-concentration exosomes are extracted using ultracentrifugation method, and the exosomes are characterized through transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blot techniques. Our results demonstrated that BPA significant promoted exosome secretion of HepG2 cells at the concentration of 200 nmol·L−1 and 500 nmol·L−1 after exposed for 24 h, while BPS and BPAF had no effect on exosome secretion at physiologically relevant concentrations (50 nmol·L−1). The study will provide new view for toxicity evaluation and mechanism research of bisphenols.
-
Key words:
- bisphenols /
- exosome /
- human-relevant concentration
-
表 1 细胞培养所用试剂配方
Table 1. Reagent formula for cell culture
名称
Name配方
Formula完全培养液 DMEM(高糖)培养基加入10%FBS和1%双抗 暴露培养液 无酚红DMEM培养基加入10% CS‐FBS和1%双抗 外泌体提取培养液 无酚红DMEM培养基加入10% 无外泌体CS‐FBS和1%双抗 -
[1] HAHLADAKIS J N, IACOVIDOU E, GERASSIMIDOU S. An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-a present in plastic materials, components, and products[J]. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2023, 19(1): 45-62. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4611 [2] MOLINA-MOLINA J M, AMAYA E, GRIMALDI M, et al. In vitro study on the agonistic and antagonistic activities of bisphenol-S and other bisphenol-a congeners and derivatives via nuclear receptors[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2013, 272(1): 127-136. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.015 [3] CAO X L, CORRIVEAU J, POPOVIC S. Migration of bisphenol A from can coatings to liquid infant formula during storage at room temperature[J]. Journal of Food Protection, 2009, 72(12): 2571-2574. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X-72.12.2571 [4] ARIS A. Estimation of bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in pregnant women, fetuses and nonpregnant women in Eastern Townships of Canada[J]. Reproductive Toxicology, 2014, 45: 8-13. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.12.006 [5] NAHAR M S, LIAO C Y, KANNAN K, et al. Fetal liver bisphenol A concentrations and biotransformation gene expression reveal variable exposure and altered capacity for metabolism in humans[J]. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 2013, 27(2): 116-123. doi: 10.1002/jbt.21459 [6] EDLOW A G, CHEN M, SMITH N A, et al. Fetal bisphenol A exposure: Concentration of conjugated and unconjugated bisphenol A in amniotic fluid in the second and third trimesters[J]. Reproductive Toxicology, 2012, 34(1): 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.009 [7] LI J F, WU C S, ZHAO H Z, et al. Exposure assessment of bisphenols in Chinese women during pregnancy: A longitudinal study[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(13): 7812-7820. [8] GEENS T, GOEYENS L, COVACI A. Are potential sources for human exposure to bisphenol-a overlooked?[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2011, 214(5): 339-347. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.04.005 [9] ZALKO D, JACQUES C, DUPLAN H, et al. Viable skin efficiently absorbs and metabolizes bisphenol A[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 82(3): 424-430. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.058 [10] VASILJEVIC T, HARNER T. Bisphenol A and its analogues in outdoor and indoor air: Properties, sources and global levels[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 789: 148013. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148013 [11] CHEN D, KANNAN K, TAN H L, et al. Bisphenol analogues other than BPA: Environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity-a review[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(11): 5438-5453. [12] SANTORO A, CHIANESE R, TROISI J, et al. Neuro-toxic and reproductive effects of BPA[J]. Current Neuropharmacology, 2019, 17(12): 1109-1132. doi: 10.2174/1570159X17666190726112101 [13] BARBONETTI A, D'ANDREA S, BERNABÒ N, et al. Editorial: Bisphenols and male reproductive health[J]. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2020, 11: 597609. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.597609 [14] McDONOUGH C M, XU H S, GUO T L. Toxicity of bisphenol analogues on the reproductive, nervous, and immune systems, and their relationships to gut microbiome and metabolism: Insights from a multi-species comparison[J]. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021, 51(4): 283-300. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1908224 [15] DALLIO M, MASARONE M, ERRICO S, et al. Role of bisphenol A as environmental factor in the promotion of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Invitro and clinical study[J]. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2018, 47(6): 826-837. [16] SONG S M, DUAN Y S, ZHANG T, et al. Serum concentrations of bisphenol A and its alternatives in elderly population living around e-waste recycling facilities in China: Associations with fasting blood glucose[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019, 169: 822-828. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.101 [17] ZHANG H F, ZHANG Y P, LI J B, et al. Occurrence and exposure assessment of bisphenol analogues in source water and drinking water in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 655: 607-613. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.053 [18] YANG Y J, GUAN J, YIN J, et al. Urinary levels of bisphenol analogues in residents living near a manufacturing plant in South China[J]. Chemosphere, 2014, 112: 481-486. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.004 [19] JIN H B, ZHU J, CHEN Z J, et al. Occurrence and partitioning of bisphenol analogues in adults’ blood from China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(2): 812-820. [20] GERONA R, VOM SAAL F S, HUNT P A. BPA: Have flawed analytical techniques compromised risk assessments?[J]. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2020, 8(1): 11-13. [21] LEE Y J, RYU H Y, KIM H K, et al. Maternal and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in Korea[J]. Reproductive Toxicology, 2008, 25(4): 413-419. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.05.058 [22] LIAO C Y, LIU F, ALOMIRAH H, et al. Bisphenol S in urine from the United States and seven Asian countries: Occurrence and human exposures[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(12): 6860-6866. [23] LIANG X X, YIN N Y, LIANG S X, et al. Bisphenol A and several derivatives exert neural toxicity in human neuron-like cells by decreasing neurite length[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020, 135: 111015. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111015 [24] GENG S S, WANG S J, ZHU W W, et al. Curcumin attenuates BPA-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells through suppression of JNK/p38 pathways[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2017, 272: 75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.011 [25] HERCOG K, MAISANABA S, FILIPIČ M, et al. Genotoxic activity of bisphenol A and its analogues bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF and their mixtures in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 687: 267-276. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.486 [26] HENGSTLER J G, FOTH H, GEBEL T, et al. Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of exposure to bisphenol A[J]. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2011, 41(4): 263-291. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2011.558487 [27] LUO S M, LI Y, LI Y P, et al. Gestational and lactational exposure to low-dose bisphenol A increases Th17 cells in mice offspring[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2016, 47: 149-158. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.017 [28] LAMBRÉ C, BARAT BAVIERA J M, et al. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs[J]. EFSA Journal, 2023, 21(4): e06857. [29] OH J, CHOI J W, AHN Y A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol S in humans after single oral administration[J]. Environment International, 2018, 112: 127-133. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.020 [30] GRAMEC SKLEDAR D, TRONTELJ J, TROBERG J, et al. Data on biosynthesis of BPAF glucuronide, enzyme kinetics of BPAF glucuronidation, and molecular modeling[J]. Data in Brief, 2019, 22: 977-986. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.033 [31] WAIDYANATHA S, BLACK S R, AILLON K, et al. Toxicokinetics and bioavailability of bisphenol AF following oral administration in rodents: A dose, species, and sex comparison[J]. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2019, 373: 39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.015 [32] KALLURI R, LeBLEU V S. The biology , function , and biomedical applications of exosomes[J]. Science, 2020, 367(6478): eaau6977. [33] GUAY C, REGAZZI R. Exosomes as new players in metabolic organ cross-talk[J]. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 2017, 19(Suppl 1): 137-146. [34] CASTAÑO C, KALKO S, NOVIALS A, et al. Obesity-associated exosomal miRNAs modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in mice[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018, 115(48): 12158-12163. [35] KAPUSTIN ALEXANDER N, MICHAEL S, SCHURGERS LEON J, et al. Prothrombin loading of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived exosomes regulates coagulation and calcification[J]. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2017, 37(3): e22-e32. [36] WANG X Y, ZHOU Y X, GAO Q N, et al. The role of exosomal microRNAs and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 2020: 3232869. [37] LI X, LI C Y, ZHANG L P, et al. The significance of exosomes in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Molecular Cancer, 2020, 19(1): 1. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1085-0 [38] ZOU J L, PENG H Y, LIU Y Z. The roles of exosomes in immunoregulation and autoimmune thyroid diseases[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12: 757674. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757674 [39] NGALAME N N O, LUZ A L, MAKIA N, et al. Arsenic alters exosome quantity and cargo to mediate stem cell recruitment into a cancer stem cell-like phenotype[J]. Toxicological Sciences, 2018, 165(1): 40-49. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy176 [40] DU X H, ZHANG Q L, JIANG Y X, et al. Characterization of plasma-derived exosomal miRNA changes following traffic-related air pollution exposure: A randomized, crossover trial based on small RNA sequencing[J]. Environment International, 2022, 167: 107430. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107430 [41] van METEREN N, LAGADIC-GOSSMANN D, CHEVANNE M, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can trigger hepatocyte release of extracellular vesicles by various mechanisms of action depending on their affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor[J]. Toxicological Sciences, 2019, 171(2): 443-462. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz157 [42] KORNILOV R, PUHKA M, MANNERSTRÖM B, et al. Efficient ultrafiltration-based protocol to deplete extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum[J]. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018, 7(1): 1422674. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1422674 [43] THÉRY C, AMIGORENA S, RAPOSO G, et al. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids[J]. Current Protocols in Cell Biology, 2006, Chapter 3: Unit3.22. [44] JEPPESEN D K, HVAM M L, PRIMDAHL-BENGTSON B, et al. Comparative analysis of discrete exosome fractions obtained by differential centrifugation[J]. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2014, 3(1): 25011. doi: 10.3402/jev.v3.25011 [45] LI X Y, HE X X, LIN X N, et al. Effects of bisphenols on lipid metabolism and neuro-cardiovascular toxicity in marine medaka larvae[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2023, 259: 106551. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106551