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近年来,随着十溴联苯醚(decabromodiphenyl ether,Deca-BDE)的逐步禁用,十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane,DBDPE;化学结构见图1)作为其主要替代产品,生产量和使用量呈逐年升高的趋势,现已成为使用量最大的新型溴代阻燃剂(novel brominated flame retardants,NBFRs)[1-2]. DBDPE作为一种添加型NBFRs,不与产品产生化学键结合,因而在生产、加工和使用等过程中极易释放到周围环境中[3]. 此外,DBDPE还具有潜在的内分泌干扰效应[4]、生殖发育毒性[5]以及肝脏毒性[6]等,进而对生物和人体造成健康危害. 我国作为DBDPE生产和使用大国,其环境污染问题以及由此带来的潜在健康风险不容忽视[7-8]. 研究表明,在广州市污水处理厂中DBDPE是主要的卤代阻燃剂类(HFRs)污染物之一,且呈现逐年递增的趋势[9]. 在我国东江下游水体中DBDPE也是检出的主要污染物,占HFRs总量的64%[10]. 因此,DBDPE潜在的环境健康风险问题需引起高度重视.
DBDPE亲脂性较高(辛醇-分配系数,lg Kow = 11.1)[11],具有在水生生物体内富集和放大的潜力. 目前关于DBDPE生物富集特征的相关研究普遍集中于野外食物链调查,且研究结果并不一致. 针对东江流域鲮鱼、罗非鱼和鲢鱼等3种鱼类的研究结果表明,DBDPE可以在鱼体内显著富集[12]. 关于我国南海海域水生食物网的研究发现,DBDPE具有明显的生物放大作用[13]. 然而在太湖水域水生食物链中DBDPE的研究结果显示,DBDPE出现营养级稀释现象[14]. 除污染物自身的理化性质外,污染物在生物体内的吸收和代谢转化等也是影响其生物富集特征的重要因素. 然而,目前仅有少量研究报道了DBDPE的生物转化过程. 将DBDPE暴露斑马鱼胚胎后,在胚胎内共检出7种可能的脱溴代谢产物[15]. 以大鼠为模式生物,经口暴露DBDPE后也检出7种代谢产物[16]. 通过开展沉积物-水-泥螺暴露实验结果发现,DBDPE在泥螺体内的生物转化主要为脱溴过程[17]. 以上研究结果表明,DBDPE生物富集特征仍然存在争议,在生物体内的转化过程具有潜在的物种差异性. 目前对DBDPE在鱼体内的生物富集以及生物转化尚缺乏深入认识,且有关生物转化过程对DBDPE生物富集的影响仍有待进一步研究.
综上所述,本研究以斑马鱼作为受试生物,开展室内DBDPE饮食暴露实验,探讨DBDPE在肌肉、肝脏、性腺和脑等不同组织内的生物富集特征;并对暴露鱼体血清中DBDPE潜在的生物转化产物进行筛查和鉴定,推导其可能的生物转化路径,进而评估生物转化对DBDPE生物富集特征的影响. 主要目的是探讨DBDPE在鱼类中的组织特异性分布特征,以及DBDPE在斑马鱼体内的生物转化特征. 相关研究结果有望为深入认识DBDPE的环境行为和归趋、准确评估其生态环境健康风险提供科学依据,具有重要的意义.
十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)在斑马鱼体内的生物富集和生物转化
Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in zebrafish
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摘要: 本研究通过染毒鱼食暴露,探讨了十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)在斑马鱼不同组织内的生物富集和转化特征. 实验包括28 d暴露期和77 d清除期,评估了DBDPE在鱼体各组织的同化效率(α)、清除速率常数(kd)、生物半衰期(t1/2)和生物放大因子(BMF)等;并利用高效液相色谱-串联四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)筛查分析血清中DBDPE的代谢产物. 研究结果表明,暴露期DBDPE在鱼体各组织中均呈相似的吸收曲线,α介于10.1%±1.34%至18.3%±3.78%之间. 鱼体组织中DBDPE的清除遵循伪一级动力学,kd为(3.66±0.16)×10−2·d−1至(4.69±0.06)×10−2·d−1,t1/2为(14.8±0.19) d至(19.0±0.83) d. DBDPE在鱼体组织中的BMF介于(0.72±0.04)至(1.12±0.23),具有潜在的生物富集特征,且其生物富集潜力与组织功能及脂肪含量相关. 在斑马鱼血清中共鉴定出4种脱溴代谢产物、3种羟基产物和1种甲氧基产物,以及2种甲磺基代谢物;表明DBDPE在斑马鱼体内存在明显的生物转化作用,进而影响其在鱼体内的生物富集潜力.Abstract: In the present study, bioaccumulation and biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were investigated after administered DBDPE to zebrafish via the diet. The experiment consists of a 28-day of uptake period and a 77-day of depuration period. Bioaccumulation constants, including the assimilation efficiency (α), depuration rate constants (kd), half-life (t1/2), and biomagnification factor (BMF), for DBDPE in tissues of zebrafish were calculated. Biotransformation products of DBDPE were screened in serum of zebrafish using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), and was confirmed by the MS2 spectrum. Similar absorption curves were found for DBDPE in muscle, liver, brain, and ovary of zebrafish, with α in a range of 10.1% ± 1.34% to 18.3% ± 3.78%. Depuration of DBDPE in zebrafish tissues followed a pseudo first-order kinetics, with kd values ranged from (3.66 ± 0.16) × 10−2·d−1 to (4.69 ± 0.06) × 10−2·d−1, and t1/2 values ranged from (14.8 ± 0.19) d to (19.0 ± 0.83) d, respectively. The BMF of DBDPE in zebrafish tissues were (0.72 ± 0.04) d to (1.12 ± 0.23) d, indicating a potential bioaccumulation capacity of DBDPE in fish, which was also significantly correlated to the functions and fat content of individual tissues. Four debromination, three hydroxylation, one methoxy, and two methylsulfonyl products of DBDPE were identified in serum of zebrafish. The results of this study demonstrated that DBDPE had obvious biotransformation processes in zebrafish, which affected its bioaccumulation potential in fish.
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Key words:
- DBDPE /
- zebrafish /
- bioconcentration /
- biotransformation.
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表 1 UPLC-QTOF-MS分析流动相洗脱梯度
Table 1. Gradient elution of mobile phases for UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis
时间/min
Time乙腈(A)
Acetonitrile0.05 %甲酸水(B)
0.05 % Formic acid0 15 85 12 45 55 15 45 55 19 98 2 21 98 2 21.1 15 85 25 15 85 表 2 DBDPE在斑马鱼不同组织中的生物富集常数
Table 2. Bioaccumulation constants for DBDPE in tissues of zebrafish
组织
Tissues清除速率常数/d−1
kd,×10−2生物半衰期/d
t1/2同化效率/%
α生物放大因子
BMF净化期DBDPE浓度(自然对数转化)线性拟合方程
Linear fitting equation for natural logarithmic
DBDPE levels in depuration period肝脏 4.69 ± 0.06 14.8 ± 0.19 18.3 ± 3.78 1.12 ± 0.23 Y = −0.0469X + 7.695
(R2 = 0.982, P < 0.001)脑 3.72 ± 0.10 18.6 ± 0.50 10.1 ± 1.34 0.72 ± 0.04 Y = −0.0372X + 6.670
(R2 = 0.995., P < 0.001)性腺 3.80 ± 0.11 18.3 ± 0.53 14.6 ± 0.53 1.09 ± 0.04 Y= −0.0380X + 7.508
(R2 = 0.962, P < 0.001)肌肉 3.66 ± 0.16 19.0 ± 0.83 12.8 ± 1.94 0.92 ± 0.15 Y = −0.0366X + 7.085
(R2 = 0.984, P < 0.001) -
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