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铬(chromium, Cr)是一种广泛存在于自然环境中的过渡金属元素,同时也是一种毒性较强的重金属污染物,可通过物质循环过程进入食物链后在人体内蓄积,从而导致人体机能出现功能性障碍和不可逆转性损伤,对人体健康构成潜在威胁[1-2]. 随着工业的快速发展,重金属Cr及其化合物作为重要的基础原料被广泛应用于电镀、印染、鞣革、化工等行业,但由于生产过程中大量含Cr废弃物的随意排放,造成土壤Cr污染问题日益严重[3]. 污染土壤中Cr元素进入人体的途径包括无意口部摄入、饮食摄入、呼吸和皮肤接触等,其中通过食物链传递作用形成的饮食摄入常被认为是土壤Cr进入人体的主要途径[4]. 作为人们日常饮食中重要的组成部分,蔬菜在为人体提供多种维生素和矿物质的同时,也成为土壤Cr元素迁移与生物富集过程中重要的载体. 长期摄入受重金属Cr污染的蔬菜会导致Cr元素积累在肺、肝、肾和分泌腺中,对人体肝、肾等器官和DNA造成损伤,甚至可能会产生致癌效应[5-6]. 因此,开展蔬菜中重金属Cr的人体健康风险的科学评估具有重要意义.
近年来,体外试验(食物基质中污染物溶解于胃肠消化液中且能被人体所吸收最大部分,即生物可给性)被国内外学者广泛应用于食物中重金属的人体健康风险研究中[7]. 因体外试验(in vitro)具有较强的可控性和重复性,且试验周期短和实际应用中不受限制等优点,在国际上已逐步形成了一套较为完善的人体健康风险评估体系[8]. 但目前大多数应用in vitro开展的健康风险评估主要基于胃和小肠阶段中重金属生物可给性,未考虑到结肠阶段. 通常认为,小肠作为人体的主要吸收器官,食物基质中重金属溶出后基本被小肠中的肠壁细胞吸收[9];但食物基质中未溶出的重金属可随食糜进入人体的大肠,即人体结肠阶段. 人体结肠中存在大量的肠道微生物(至少约1000种不同类型的微生物,菌落总数达到1×1014),这些微生物具有较强的代谢能力,在人体消化过程中对于食物残渣中重金属元素的代谢具有影响[10]. 由此可见,未考虑结肠阶段食物中重金属生物可给性的人体健康风险评估方法是不够全面的. SHIME模型是一种体外条件下动态模拟人体胃肠环境及微生物生态系统[11]. 目前,国内外学者利用该体外模型报道了肠道微生物对土壤和稻米中Cr的代谢影响[12-13],但有关利用SHIME模型研究肠道微生物对于矿区常见蔬菜中重金属Cr的生物可给性及人体健康风险的影响鲜有报道.
本文的主要研究内容为:(1)以铅锌矿区4种蔬菜为研究对象,分析蔬菜样品在生和煮熟两种不同条件下重金属Cr的含量;(2)采用体外方法(PBET[14]联合SHIME模型)测定蔬菜中Cr在胃、小肠和结肠阶段的生物可给性,并分析两名不同宿主肠道微生物对Cr的代谢影响;(3)运用人体健康风险评估模型评估当地居民膳食暴露风险,并对比基于Cr总量和生物可给性的人体健康风险. 研究结果将对更全面地进行膳食重金属暴露的健康风险评估起到推动作用,也对今后开展基于肠道微生物的人群健康效应研究提供参考.
肠道微生物对蔬菜中铬生物可给性的影响及人体健康风险评价
Effect of gut microbiota on bioaccessibility of chromium in vegetables and human health risk assessment
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摘要: 为更加全面、准确评估蔬菜中重金属铬(Cr)生物可给性及对人体健康风险的影响,本文利用生物原理提取法(physiologically based extraction test,PBET)联合微生物生态系统(simulator of human intestinal microbial ecosystem,SHIME)模拟实验,系统分析了贵州某铅锌矿区4种常见蔬菜(辣椒、芥菜、小白菜和甘蓝)在不同食用条件(生和熟)下Cr的含量变化,探究在肠道微生物影响下蔬菜Cr在不同消化吸收阶段(胃、小肠和结肠)中生物可给性差异,并对比了各消化阶段的膳食暴露风险. 结果表明,4种蔬菜样品中Cr的含量(干重)表现为小白菜(13.86±7.33)mg·kg−1>芥菜(9.84±1.79)mg·kg−1>甘蓝(9.53±1.60)mg·kg−1>辣椒(5.28±2.48)mg·kg−1;虽煮熟处理可显著降低4种蔬菜样品中的Cr含量(降低范围54.98%—63.44%,P<0.05),但生熟蔬菜样品中Cr含量仍超过国家食品卫生标准中的标准限值(GB 2762—2017:0.5 mg∙kg−1). 此外,研究发现结肠阶段中Cr的生物可给性最高,分别为成人:(22.56%±9.23%)—(36.04%±11.45%);儿童:(19.74%±8.26%)—(34.53%±10.82%),分别是小肠阶段的1.10—6.00 倍和1.05—5.77 倍,且蔬菜高温处理后增加了结肠阶段Cr的生物可给性(6.11%—21.51%). 对比各消化阶段的危害商指数(HQ)发现,基于结肠阶段生物可给性计算的HQ累计概率较高,相比小肠阶段提高了约6.17%—62.12%,表明结肠阶段中肠道微生物作用下可增加蔬菜中Cr的生物可给性和提高人体健康风险. 因此,在未来开展人体健康风险评估时,需综合评估不同食用条件下食物中重金属在结肠阶段中生物可给性的健康风险,以期为我国膳食重金属暴露的人体健康风险评估提供更多科学参考.Abstract: To more comprehensively and accurately assess the bioaccessibility of Chromium (Cr) in vegetables and its human health risk, the PBET method combined with SHIME model was used to determine the vegetable concentration of Cr in different treatments (raw and cooked) and the effects of gut microbiota on Cr bioaccessibility. Four common vegetables (pepper, mustard, pakchoi and cabbage) were collected from Lead-Zinc mining region in Guizhou Province. The results showed that the contents (dry weight) of Cr in the four varieties of vegetables were pakchoi (13.86±7.33) mg·kg−1 >mustard (9.84±1.79) mg·kg−1 >cabbage (9.53±1.60) mg·kg−1 >pepper (5.28±2.48) mg·kg−1. Although the cooking process could significantly reduce the contents of Cr in vegetables (range of 54.98%—63.44%, P<0.05), the contents of Cr both in raw and cooked vegetable samples were still exceeds limit standard of Cr stipulated in the National Food Hygiene Standard (GB 2762—2017: 0.5 mg·kg−1). In addition, the study found that the highest bioaccessibility of Cr in the colon phase, adult: (22.56% ± 9.23%)—(36.04% ± 11.45%); child: (19.74% ± 8.26%)—(34.53% ± 10.82%), which was 1.10—6.00 times and 1.05—5.77 times higher than those in the small intestine phase, respectively. And the cooking process significantly increased the bioaccessibility of Cr in the colon phase (6.11%—21.51%). Compared with the hazard quotient (HQ) in different digestion phases, the cumulative probability of HQ calculated based on the bioaccessibility of Cr in the colon phase showed higher health risk, which was about 6.17%—62.12% higher than in the small intestinal phase. The result indicated that the gut microbiota in the colon phase could increase the bioaccessibility of Cr in vegetables and improve human health risk. Therefore, it was necessary to comprehensively evaluate the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in foods in the colon phase under different edible conditions in future research, to provide more scientific reference for human health risk assessment of dietary heavy metal exposure.
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Key words:
- vegetables /
- chromium /
- bioaccessibility /
- gut microbiota /
- health risk.
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表 1 风险暴露计算参数及其分布类型
Table 1. Parameters used in the risk calculation and distribution pattern
变量
Variable定义
Define参考值
Reference value分布类型
Distribution pattern数据来源
Data sources成人 (> 18岁) 儿童 (2—18岁) IR/ (g·d−1) 摄入率Uptake rate 辣椒 Pepper 2.88 1.44 对数正态分布 Yang等[25];
吴永宁等[26]芥菜 Mustard 200.00 100.00 小白菜Pakchoi 111.60 55.80 甘蓝Cabbage 300.0 150.00 ED/a 暴露周期Exposure cycle 0—24 0—6 均匀分布 环境保护部[27-28] BW/kg 体重质量Weight quality 0.00, 60.61, 3.19 9.52, 29.14, 28.97 对数正态分布 AT/d 平均暴露时间Mean exposure time ED×365 单点分布 EF/(d·a−1) 暴露频率Exposure frequency 180, 350, 365 三角分布 Huang等[29] C/(mg·kg−1) 重金属含量Heavy metal content 本研究 对数正态分布 本研究 BA/% 生物可给性Bioaccessibility 本研究 表 2 4种蔬菜中重金属Cr含量(干重)
Table 2. Total concentrations of Cr in the four vegetables (dry weight)
蔬菜名称
Vegetable name含量 /(mg·kg−1)
Contents生
Raw熟
Cooked辣椒 Pepper 5.28±2.48Ad 1.93±0.76Bd 芥菜 Mustard 9.84±1.79Ab 3.84±0.79Bc 小白菜 Pakchoi 13.86±7.33Aa 5.07±0.61Ba 甘蓝 Cabbage 9.53±1.60Ac 4.29±0.33Bb 标准限值 Limits 0.5 mg·kg−1 (GB 2762−2017) 注: 表中数据为样本均值±标准偏差; 不同大写字母表示蔬菜样品Cr含量在生熟处理间差异性显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示不同蔬菜样品Cr含量差异性显著(P<0.05). Note: The data were expressed as sample mean±standard deviation; Different capital letters indicate that the significant difference of contents of Cr between the raw and cooked treatments of vegetable samples (P<0.05); Different lowercase letters that indicate significant differences of contents of Cr between the different vegetables (P<0.05). 表 3 蔬菜中重金属Cr的健康风险评估
Table 3. Health risk assessment of Cr in vegetables
蔬菜名称
Vegetable nameHQ 总量
Total contents(胃) 生物可给性
(Gastric) Bioaccessibility(小肠) 生物可给性
(Small intestine) Bioaccessibility(结肠) 生物可给性
(Colon) Bioaccessibility成人
Adults儿童
Children成人
Adults儿童
Children成人
Adults儿童
Children成人
Adults儿童
Children辣椒
Pepper1.17×10−2±
2.68×10−71.25×10−2±
5.50×10−62.83×10−3±
8.74×10−83.85×10−3±
8.09×10−81.53×10−3±
3.90×10−81.89×10−3±
1.45×10−72.25×10−3±
7.90×10−84.99×10−3±
5.31×10−7芥菜
Mustard8.79×10−1±
2.51×10−59.93×10−1±
6.66×10−53.01×10−1±
8.98×10−64.09×10−1±
1.19×10−52.28×10−1±
6.76×10−62.82×10−1±
1.70×10−52.43×10−1±
7.37×10−63.08×10−1±
2.87×10−5小白菜
Pakchoi6.48×10−1±
1.80×10−57.89×10−1±
6.83×10−51.57×10−1±
4.52×10−62.10×10−1±
6.26×10−61.44×10−1±
4.13×10−61.51×10−1±
4.27×10−61.64×10−1±
5.11×10−61.69×10−1±
5.28×10−6甘蓝
Cabbage1.45×100±
3.93×10−52.27×100±
1.21×10−33.59×10−1±
1.12×10−54.90×10−1±
1.45×10−53.28×10−1±
9.39×10−63.38×10−1±
9.59×10−64.85×10−1±
1.40×10−65.19×10−1±
1.52×10−5注: 图中数据为样本均值±标准偏差.
Note: The data in the figure are the ± standard deviation of the sample mean. -
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