-
六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)是继多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和四溴双酚A(TBBPA)之外的全球第三大溴代阻燃剂[1],主要应用于建筑、纺织、电子等行业,作为添加剂加入到发泡聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)、挤塑聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料及其阻燃微粒材料中. 2001年,HBCDs全球使用量达16700 t,2006年增至21591 t,2011年达到31000 t,我国作为HBCDs的主要生产国,每年的产量约18000 t. 根据欧洲化学品管理局,每年大约有3141 kg的HBCDs释放到环境中,其中50%存在于废水中,29%进入地表水,21%排放到空气中. HBCDs具有半挥发性、环境持久性、远距离迁移性等特性,使其在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,在2013年,HBCDs被列入斯德哥尔摩公约受控名单[2],我国也于2017年将其列入《优先控制化学品名录(第一批)》. 尽管很多国家禁止或限制HBCDs的使用,但为了给行业足够的时间寻找替代品,HBCDs仍要继续使用到2024年[3],因此其对生态环境及人类健康的不利影响还将持续很长时间.
HBCDs具有6个立体中心,理论上可以形成16种立体异构体. 商用HBCDs主要含有α-、β-和γ-HBCDs等3种异构体,每种异构体含有一对对映体[4]. 不同构型的HBCDs经历生物化学过程时,其异构体或对映体可能发生不同的行为,产生不同的生物学效应和环境效应[5-8]. 与β-和γ-HBCDs相比,α-HBCD具有较高的溶解度和较低的辛醇-水分配系数(lgKow),高温热重排混合物中α-HBCD占比较高[9];在厌氧条件下,α-HBCD的降解速率比γ-HBCD慢[10];高温和日光催化下均可发生γ-HBCD向α-HBCD异构体的转化[11]. 大量研究也发现在生物体中α-HBCD为主要存在的异构体,在适当的条件下,对映体之间亦可发生异构化行为,在玉米根中就曾检测到(±)-β-和(±)-γ-HBCDs向(-)-α-HBCD的对映体选择性转化,其中(-)-γ-HBCD转化率较高[12].
作为疏水型脂肪族溴代阻燃剂,HBCDs易通过挥发、渗出等方式释放到环境中[13]. 1997年,Sellstrom等[14]首次在瑞典河流中检测到HBCDs,之后HBCDs在不同的非生物介质(大气[15]、灰尘[16]、地表水[17]、沉积物[18]和土壤[19]等)中被广泛检出,甚至北极地区也发现了HBCDs的存在[20]. 随之,在生物体(鱼[21]、鸟[22]、植物[23]、小龙虾[24]、牡蛎[25]、蚯蚓[26]、胎盘[27]及母乳[28]等)及食物链中的HBCDs也引起了国内外学者的广泛研究. 目前,关于HBCDs在环境中的富集迁移及动物毒理学研究报道较多[21,29-35],但其在植物中的研究十分有限[36-38]. 有机污染物的植物吸收、累积、转化及毒性研究对于认识其迁移行为、评价其在生态系统的污染风险及其对食物链的潜在危害均有重要意义. 植物是生物圈的重要组成部分,通过呼吸作用及根系的吸收从空气和土壤中获得养分的同时,也会对包括HBCDs在内的污染物进行富集,并通过食物链逐级放大,进而对人类健康及生态安全产生影响. 不同HBCDs异构体和对映体会被陆生[39-42]和水生植物[37,43]吸收富集,在转运和代谢等生理过程中发生选择性降解和构型转化[5,44],从而改变HBCDs异构体和对映体的组成比例,目前植物中关于对映体水平的污染检测研究还很匮乏. HBCDs进入植物体后会对其生长发育产生抑制[45],破坏植物体内氧化平衡,诱导过量活性氧(ROS)产生[45],改变DNA结构,产生基因水平损伤[46]等. 目前关于植物中HBCDs的研究多关注α-、β-和γ-HBCDs,其它异构体很少在环境植物中被检出,也未见其它异构体对植物毒性效应的相关研究. Huang等[42]曾在中国北方塑料垃圾回收地土壤中检测到较低水平的δ-和ε-HBCDs,而在同位点的植物中则均未见检出. 总之,植物中HBCDs的相关研究还需不断探索. 本文对HBCDs的植物提取与分析方法、植物污染现状、传输行为和植物降解以及HBCDs的植物毒性效应进行梳理和分析,并展望了未来的研究方向,为综合评价HBCDs的生物有效性、健康风险评价及环境修复提供科学依据.
六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体及对映体的植物富集、传输、修复及毒性研究进展
Research progress on plant enrichment, transportation, phytoremediation and toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) diasteresomers and enantiomers
-
摘要: 六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)是一种典型的疏水性脂肪族溴代阻燃剂, 2013年被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》受控名单中. HBCDs具有手性中心,多个对映异构体,不同的立体构型在环境中会发生选择性富集分布,降解转化和生物毒性等行为. 植物是生态系统能量的生产者,HBCDs可通过植物吸收改变植物生理,影响其在食物链的传递乃至整个生态系统,对环境和人体健康存在潜在危害. 本文对HBCDs异构体和对映体的植物提取分析方法、植物富集和传输、污染土壤的植物修复以及植物毒性效应的最新研究进行梳理. 液相色谱质谱联用技术可有效检测植物中的HBCDs异构体和对映体,对映体水平的检测将成为未来HBCDs立体构型分析的发展方向. HBCDs已在各类植物中被陆续检出,多数研究中α-HBCD是主要的异构体. 目前在HBCDs对映体水平上的研究还非常有限,其在植物体内的传输尚无统一规律. 植物种植可有效清除土壤中的HBCDs,展现出生物修复应用前景. HBCDs会引起植物生长发育迟缓、氧化胁迫和基因损伤等效应,不同构型的HBCDs表现出特异的选择性毒性行为. 鉴于目前关于HBCDs的植物研究还很欠缺,建议今后加强对植物中HBCDs异构体和对映体水平的环境行为和污染治理研究,为综合评价HBCDs的生物有效性、健康风险评价及环境修复提供科学依据.Abstract: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), as a typical hydrophobic aliphatic brominated flame retardants was listed in the Stockholm Convention in 2013. HBCDs exists chiral centers and multiple enantiomers. Selective enrichment, distribution, degradation and biotoxicity in the environment may be induced by different stereo configurations of HBCDs. Plants are considered the producers of energy in the ecosystem. Plant physiology might be changed by HBCDs plant uptake, further affects its transmission in the food chain and even the entire ecosystem, and lead to potential hazards to the environment and human health. The latest studies on the plant extraction and analysis methods, plant enrichment and transport, phytoremediation of contaminated soil, and phytotoxicological effects of HBCDs isomers and enantiomers were reviewed in this paper. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry could effectively detect HBCDs isomers and enantiomers in plant samples. Detection of enantiomer level will become the development direction in stereoscopic configuration analysis of HBCDs in the future. HBCDs have been successively detected in various plants, with α-HBCD being the dominant isomer. At present, the research on the HBCDs enantiomers level is still very limited, and there is no uniform rule for their transmission in plants. Plant planting can effectively remove HBCDs from soil, showing the application prospect of bioremediation. Toxic effects such as plant growth retardation, oxidative stress and gene damage can be caused by HBCDs, and different configurations showed specific selectivity. The environmental behaviors of HBCDs different configurations are stereoisomer-specific, and plant enrichment, transport, transformation and toxicological effects of HBCDs are selective. So far, plant researches of HBCDs are still insufficient, it is suggested that the environmental behavior and pollution control of HBCDs isomers and enantiomers in plants should be further studied in the future, so as to provide a scientific basis for comprehensive evaluation of bioavailability, health risk assessment and environmental restoration of HBCDs.
-
Key words:
- hexabromocyclododecane /
- enantiomers /
- selective-enrichment /
- phytoremediation /
- phytotoxicity.
-
表 1 植物中HBCDs的提取净化及分离分析方法
Table 1. Extraction, purification, separation and analysis of HBCDs in plants
样本
Sample前处理技术
Pretreatment technology提取剂
Extractant提取时间
Time净化方法
Purification method仪器分析方法
Instrumental analysis methods参考文献
Reference大白菜、小白菜、菠菜、芥菜、
莴苣、丝瓜、韭菜、豇豆、萝卜、
红薯、莴苣、香菜索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:1 24 h 活性硅胶柱(CNW,德国) HPLC-MS [23] 小麦、胡萝卜、芦苇 索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:1 24 h 活性硅胶柱(CNW,德国) LC-MS/MS [39] 冬青、侧柏、马尾松 索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:1 24 h 活性硅胶柱(CNW,德国) LC-MS/MS [19] 松针 索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:1 24 h 硅胶/氧化铝柱 GC-MS [58] 海莲、秋茄、白骨壤 索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:1 48 h 复合硅胶柱 HPLC-MS/MS [43] 松针 索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:1 48 h 活性硅胶柱(CNW,德国) HPLC-MS/MS [40] 松树、柏树和垂柳树皮 索氏提取法 丙酮:正己烷,1:3 36 h 硅胶/氧化铝柱 UPLC-MS [41] 玉米、小麦、马铃薯、韭菜、
菠菜、莴苣和大蒜索氏提取法 正己烷:二氯甲烷,1:1 24 h 硅胶/氧化铝柱 UPLC-MS/MS [41] 柏树、芦苇、碱蓬草 加速溶剂萃取法 正己烷 — 复合硅胶柱 HPLC-MS [37] 苔藓、地衣 加速溶剂萃取法 正己烷:丙酮 — 复合硅胶柱 HPLC-MS/MS [49] 泥湖草、牛筋草、朝天委陵菜、
小蓬草、补血草、蓟草和荠菜超声提取法 乙酸乙酯 2次,每次50 min 复合硅胶柱 HPLC-MS/MS [47] 藻类 超声提取法 丙酮 10 min 活性硅胶柱(CNW,德国) LC-MS [48] 苔藓、地衣 超声提取法 正己烷:二氯甲烷,1:1 3次,每次30 min 硅胶/氧化铝柱 LC-MS/MS [51] 玉米 超声提取法 乙酸乙酯 2 h 复合硅胶柱 UPLC-MS/MS [45] 表 2 部分地区植物中∑HBCDs浓度
Table 2. The concentrations of ∑HBCDs in plants in some areas
样品
Sample地区
Area采样地点描述
Description of
sampling location浓度范围/平均浓度
Concentration range/
Average concentration(dw)采样时间
Sample time参考文献
Reference玉米、小麦、马铃薯、韭菜、
菠菜、莴苣、大蒜华北地区 塑料垃圾处理地 3.47—20.2 ng·g−1 — [42] 柏树、芦苇、碱蓬草 中国莱州湾 HBCD生产基地 110—160241 ng·g−1 2010 [37] 冬青、柏树、松树 中国天津 EPS材料制造厂 3.45—160241 ng·g−1 2015 [19] 泥湖草、牛筋草、朝天委陵菜、
小蓬草、补血草、蓟草、荠菜中国白洋淀 天然淡水湖 N.d.—2.18 ng·g−1 2018 [47] 松树、冷杉、云杉 挪威、印尼、南非、尼泊尔、
加拿大、印第安、
爱尔兰、冰岛、美国、
捷克和塔斯纳尼亚远离城市的区域 0.27—21.3 ng·g−1 2009 [58] 玉米、小麦、马铃薯、韭菜、
菠菜、莴苣、大蒜中国天津 大黄堡湿地自然保护区 1.46—27.7 ng·g−1 2011 [59] 大白菜、小白菜、菠菜、芥菜、
丝瓜、韭菜、豇豆、萝卜、
红薯、莴苣、香菜珠江三角洲 蔬菜农场 0.87—32.7/16.6 ng·g−1 2018 [23] 樟脑树皮 中国上海 工业区 280—6600 ng·g−1 — [64] 樟脑树皮 中国上海 商业区 140—2400 ng·g−1 — [64] 樟脑树皮 中国上海 居民区 120—1000 ng·g−1 — [64] 苔藓 南极洲 南设得兰群岛 0.63—960 pg·g−1 2014 [51] 地衣 南极洲 南设得兰群岛 0.1—21.1 pg·g−1 2014 [51] 松树、银杏、刺槐、垂柳、
杨树和柏树树皮中国北京 污染区域附近 26—3400 ng·g−1 2009 [41] 松针 中国 7个行政规划区 6.3—2790 ng·g−1 2013 [40] 荷叶、荷茎、浮萍、金鱼藻、
轮藻、眼子菜、香蒲中国白洋淀 天然淡水湖 N.d.—7.26/1.02 ng·g−1 2018 [38] 海莲、秋茄、白骨壤 深圳 福田保护区 0.016—194 ng·g−1 2015 [43] n.d., 低于检测限或未检出. N.d., Below detection limit or not detected -
[1] MARVIN C H, TOMY G T, ARMITAGE J M, et al. Hexabromocyclododecane: Current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(20): 8613-8623. [2] ZHU J, LIU J G, HU J X, et al. Socio-economic analysis of the risk management of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in China in the context of the Stockholm Convention [J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 150: 520-527. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.007 [3] KOCH C, SCHMIDT-KÖTTERS T, RUPP R, et al. Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and-dynamics [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015, 199: 26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.011 [4] HEEB N V, SCHWEIZER W B, KOHLER M, et al. Structure elucidation of hexabromocyclododecanes—a class of compounds with a complex stereochemistry [J]. Chemosphere, 2005, 61(1): 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.015 [5] ZHU H K, SUN H W, YAO Y M, et al. Fate and adverse effects of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (HBCDDs) in a soil-ryegrass pot system [J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 184: 452-459. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.166 [6] 周耀红, 马晓净, 吕辉雄. 六溴环十二烷对土壤酶活性、种子发芽率及根伸长的影响 [J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(1): 100-105. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017.01.2016052405 ZHOU Y H, MA X J, LYU H X. Effect of hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDs) on soil enzyme activity, seed germination rate and root elongation [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017, 36(1): 100-105(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017.01.2016052405
[7] 武彤, 田柳, 崔建升, 等. 六溴环十二烷对映体对玉米的生理和基因损伤研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2018, 38(12): 4864-4872. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2018.0217 WU T, TIAN L, CUI J S, et al. Physiological and genetic damage of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers to Maize [J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2018, 38(12): 4864-4872(in Chinese). doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2018.0217
[8] WANG X L, SUN R R, CHEN Y D, et al. Temporal-spatial distribution and diastereoisomer pattern of hexabromocyclododecane in the vicinity of a chemical plant [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 82: 203-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.010 [9] ZHAO Y Y, ZHANG X H, SOJINU O S S. Thermodynamics and photochemical properties of α, β, and γ-hexabromocyclododecanes: A theoretical study [J]. Chemosphere, 2010, 80(2): 150-156. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.002 [10] TANG L, SHAO H Y, ZHU J Y, et al. Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in surface sediments from river drainage basins of Shanghai, China: Occurrence, distribution, and mass inventory [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015, 22(16): 11993-12000. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4336-7 [11] HEEB N V, GRAF H, BERND SCHWEIZER W, et al. Thermally-induced transformation of hexabromocyclododecanes and isobutoxypenta bromocyclododecanes in flame-proofed polystyrene materials [J]. Chemosphere, 2010, 80(7): 701-708. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.034 [12] 黄红林, 王丹, 张淑贞. 实验和理论计算应证玉米体中HBCD的选择性吸收和生物转化[C]//中国化学会第30届学术年会摘要集-第二十六分会: 环境化学. 大连, 2016: 32. HUANG H L, WANG D, ZHANG S Z. Experimental and theoretical calculations should prove the selective absorption and biotransformation of HBCD in maize[C]//Abstracts of the 30th academic annual meeting of the Chinese Chemical Society-Chapter 26. Beijing: Environmental Chemistry, 2016: 3(in Chinese).
[13] 倪涛涛. 六溴环十二烷的分析和光催化降解机制研究[D]. 西安: 西安科技大学, 2020. NI T T. Analysis of hexabromocyclododecane and photocatalytic degradation mechanism[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 2020 (in Chinese).
[14] SELLSTRÖM U, KIERKEGAARD A, de WIT C, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from a Swedish River [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1998, 17(6): 1065-1072. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620170612 [15] LU J F, HE M J, YANG Z H, et al. Occurrence of tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in soil and road dust in Chongqing, Western China, with emphasis on diastereoisomer profiles, particle size distribution, and human exposure [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 242: 219-228. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.087 [16] ABDALLAH M A E, HARRAD S, COVACI A. Hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-a in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, U. K: Implications for human exposure [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(18): 6855-6861. [17] HE M J, LUO X J, YU L H, et al. Diasteroisomer and enantiomer-specific profiles of hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in an aquatic environment in a highly industrialized area, South China: Vertical profile, phase partition, and bioaccumulation [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 179: 105-110. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.016 [18] HARRIS B, ABOU-ELWAFA ABDALLAH M. Exploring variations of hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in riverine sediments along the River Medway, UK [J]. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 2021, 23(5): 776-785. [19] ZHU H K, ZHANG K, SUN H W, et al. Spatial and temporal distributions of hexabromocyclododecanes in the vicinity of an expanded polystyrene material manufacturing plant in Tianjin, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 222: 338-347. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.029 [20] de WIT C A, HERZKE D, VORKAMP K. Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment—Trends and new candidates [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(15): 2885-2918. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.037 [21] SUN R X, LUO X J, ZHENG X B, et al. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in fish: Evidence of recent HBCD input into the coastal environment [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 126: 357-362. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.040 [22] SUN Y X, LUO X J, MO L, et al. Hexabromocyclododecane in terrestrial passerine birds from e-waste, urban and rural locations in the Pearl River Delta, South China: Levels, biomagnification, diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2012, 171: 191-198. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.026 [23] LÜ H X, MA X J, HUANG X J, et al. Distribution, diastereomer-specific accumulation and associated health risks of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil-vegetable system of the Pearl River Delta region, South China [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 248: 109321. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109321 [24] TAVOLONI T, STECCONI T, GALARINI R, et al. BFRs (PBDEs and HBCDs) in freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno (Italy): The singular case of HBCDs in red swamp crayfish [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 758: 143585. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143585 [25] MUKAI Y, GOTO A, TASHIRO Y, et al. Coastal biomonitoring survey on persistent organic pollutants using oysters (Saccostrea mordax) from Okinawa, Japan: Geographical distribution and polystyrene foam as a potential source of hexabromocyclododecanes [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 739: 140049. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140049 [26] LI B, CHEN H, SUN H W, et al. Distribution, isomerization and enantiomer selectivity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers in different tissue and subcellular fractions of earthworms [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 139: 326-334. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.004 [27] RAWN D F K, GAERTNER D W, WEBER D, et al. Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 468/469: 622-629. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014 [28] HUANG M R, LI J, XIAO Z X, et al. Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane isomers in breast milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Contamination levels, temporal trends, nursing infant’s daily intake, and risk assessment [J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 244: 125524. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125524 [29] 耿新华, 李晓, 刘汝锋, 等. 六溴环十二烷在环境中迁移转化的研究进展[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2012, 35(S1): 144-150. GENG X H, LI X, LIU R F, et al. Advance in researches on the transport and transformation of hexabromocyclododecanes in environment[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 35(Sup 1): 144-150 (in Chinese).
[30] 武彤, 张淑贞. 六溴环十二烷非对映体的植物吸收和毒性效应[C]//中国化学会第28届学术年会第2分会场摘要集. 成都, 2012. WU T, ZHANG S Z. Plant uptake and toxic effects of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers [C]//Proceedings of the 28th Annual Academic Conference of the Chinese Chemical Society, Chengdu, 2012 (in Chinese).
[31] 马强, 李文涛, 孙慧媛, 等. 液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品接触材料中的六溴环十二烷 [J]. 分析测试学报, 2013, 32(1): 133-137. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4957.2013.01.022 MA Q, LI W T, SUN H Y, et al. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane in food contact materials by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry [J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 2013, 32(1): 133-137(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4957.2013.01.022
[32] 钱卓真, 汤水粉, 位绍红. 水产品中六溴环十二烷检测技术及污染水平研究进展 [J]. 渔业研究, 2020, 42(6): 642-650. QIAN Z Z, TANG S F, WEI S H. An overview of determination methodologies and pollution levels of hexabromocyclododecane in aquatic products [J]. Journal of Fisheries Research, 2020, 42(6): 642-650(in Chinese).
[33] ZHANG Y W, RUAN Y F, SUN H W, et al. Hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments and a sediment core from Rivers and Harbor in the northern Chinese city of Tianjin [J]. Chemosphere, 2013, 90(5): 1610-1616. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.037 [34] WANG X L, ZHANG X, WANG Z F, et al. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane in soil by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry [J]. Analytical Methods, 2018, 10(10): 1181-1189. doi: 10.1039/C8AY00018B [35] HONG H Z, LV D M, LIU W X, et al. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicas [J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2017, 188: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.010 [36] DREYER A, NEUGEBAUER F, RÜDEL H, et al. Halogenated flame retardants in tree samples applied as bioindicators for atmospheric pollution [J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 208: 233-240. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.033 [37] LI H H, ZHANG Q H, WANG P, et al. Levels and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in environmental samples near manufacturing facilities in Laizhou Bay area, East China [J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring:JEM, 2012, 14(10): 2591-2597. doi: 10.1039/c2em30231d [38] 尹姗姗. 白洋淀地区六溴环十二烷的环境行为研究[D]. 石家庄: 河北科技大学, 2019. YIN S S. Environmental behavior of hexabromocyclododecane in Baiyangdian area[D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei University of Science and Technology, 2019 (in Chinese).
[39] ZHANG Y W, SUN H W, LIU F, et al. Hexabromocyclododecanes in limnic and marine organisms and terrestrial plants from Tianjin, China: Diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles, biomagnification, and human exposure [J]. Chemosphere, 2013, 93(8): 1561-1568. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.004 [40] ZHU H K, SUN H W, YAO Y M, et al. Legacy and alternative brominated flame retardants in outdoor dust and pine needles in mainland China: Spatial trends, dust-plant partitioning and human exposure [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 243: 758-765. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.097 [41] HU J C, JIN J, WANG Y, et al. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 84(3): 355-360. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.002 [42] HUANG H L, WANG D, WAN W N, et al. Hexabromocyclododecanes in soils and plants from a plastic waste treatment area in North China: Occurrence, diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles, and metabolization [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017, 24(27): 21625-21635. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9792-9 [43] LI H W, HU Y X, SUN Y X, et al. Bioaccumulation and translocation of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecanes in mangrove plants from a national nature reserve of Shenzhen City, South China [J]. Environment International, 2019, 129: 239-246. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.034 [44] HUANG H L, WANG D, WEN B, et al. Roles of maize cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in stereo-selective metabolism of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) as evidenced by in vitro degradation, biological response and in silico studies [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 656: 364-372. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.351 [45] WU T, HUANG H L, ZHANG S Z. Accumulation and phytotoxicity of technical hexabromocyclododecane in maize [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 42: 97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.06.018 [46] 李蝶. 六溴环十二烷对玉米幼苗基因毒性的研究[D]. 石家庄: 河北科技大学, 2020. LI D. Dissertation for the master degree genotoxicity of HBCD to maize seedlings [D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei University of Science and Technology, 2020 (in Chinese).
[47] 武彤, 尹姗姗, 刘子鑫, 等. 六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体和对映体在白洋淀土壤和植物中的选择性富集与传输 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2020, 40(3): 1051-1062. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2019.0412 WU T, YIN S S, LIU Z X, et al. Diastereoisomer- and enantiomers-specific enrichment and translocation of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soil and plant from Baiyangdian Lake [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020, 40(3): 1051-1062(in Chinese). doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2019.0412
[48] ZHANG Y W, SUN H W, ZHU H K, et al. Accumulation of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers and enantiomers in two microalgae, Spirulina subsalsa and Scenedesmus obliquus [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014, 104: 136-142. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.027 [49] ZHU N L, SCHRAMM K W, WANG T, et al. Lichen, moss and soil in resolving the occurrence of semi-volatile organic compounds on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 518/519: 328-336. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.024 [50] 王馨蕾, 崔兆杰. 超声波提取-气相色谱氢火焰测定土壤中六溴环十二烷 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2019, 32(3): 493-499. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2018.11.10 WANG X L, CUI Z J. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane in soil by an ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography with FID method [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 32(3): 493-499(in Chinese). doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2018.11.10
[51] KIM J T, CHOI Y J, BARGHI M, et al. Occurrence and distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants in mosses and lichens from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 235: 302-311. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.080 [52] 焦艳超. 环境水土样品中有机污染物检测净化方法总结 [J]. 中国标准化, 2021(15): 243-246. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5944.2021.15.038 JIAO Y C. Overview of the clean-up methods for organic contaminants in environmental wastewater and soil samples [J]. China Standardization, 2021(15): 243-246(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5944.2021.15.038
[53] LI Y N, ZHOU Q X, WANG Y Y, et al. Fate of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane brominated flame retardants in soil and uptake by plants [J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 82(2): 204-209. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.021 [54] GAO S T, HONG J W, YU Z Q, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2011, 30(12): 2688-2696. doi: 10.1002/etc.668 [55] ZHAO Y H, LI Q Q, MIAO X, et al. Determination of hexabromocyclododecanes in sediments from the Haihe River in China by an optimized HPLC-MS-MS method [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 55: 174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.013 [56] ZHANG Y W, GUO Q Q, TAN D F, et al. Effects of low-levels of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers on the metabolic profiles of pak choi leaves using high-throughput untargeted metabolomics approach [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 242: 1961-1969. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.062 [57] JIA H H, WANG X T, CHENG H X, et al. Pine needles as biomonitors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and emerging flame retardants in the atmosphere of Shanghai, China: Occurrence, spatial distributions, and possible sources [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(12): 12171-12180. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04558-8 [58] SALAMOVA A, HITES R A. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(1): 349-354. [59] 张艳伟. 六溴环十二烷异构体及其对映体的环境分布与生物富集[D]. 天津: 南开大学, 2014. ZHANG Y W. Environmental distribution and bioaccumulation of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers and enantiomers[D]. Tianjin: Nankai University, 2014 (in Chinese).
[60] WHITE J C. Differential bioavailability of field-weathered p, p’-DDE to plants of the Cucurbita and Cucumis Genera [J]. Chemosphere, 2002, 49(2): 143-152. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00277-1 [61] WHITE J C, KOTTLER B D. Citrate-mediated increase in the uptake of weathered 2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1, 1-dichloroethylene residues by plants [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2002, 21(3): 550-556. doi: 10.1002/etc.5620210312 [62] CHEN J, XIA X H, WANG H T, et al. Uptake pathway and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in spinach affected by warming in enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosms [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 379: 120831. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120831 [63] ZHU H K, WANG F, LI B, et al. Accumulation and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers into plant under multiple exposure scenarios [J]. Environment International, 2020, 143: 105947. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105947 [64] HAN T, WU M H, ZANG C, et al. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai, China: Levels and spatial distributions [J]. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 2017, 19(10): 1346-1354. [65] 马晓净. 土壤—蔬菜系统中六溴环十二烷异构体的迁移与风险评价[D]. 广州: 华南农业大学, 2017. MA X J. Migration and risk evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane isomer in soil and vegetables system[D]. Guangzhou: South China Agricultural University, 2017 (in Chinese).
[66] 李亚宁, 冯秀娟, 刘庆余, 等. 六溴环十二烷在土壤中的归趋及植物吸收研究 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2013, 35(11): 5-9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2013.11.002 LI Y N, FENG X J, LIU Q Y, et al. The fate of HBCD in soil and its uptake by plants [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2013, 35(11): 5-9(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2013.11.002
[67] ZEGERS B N, METS A, van BOMMEL R, et al. Levels of hexabromocyclododecane in harbor porpoises and common dolphins from western European Seas, with evidence for stereoisomer-specific biotransformation by cytochrome p450 [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(7): 2095-2100. [68] ZHU H K, SUN H W, ZHANG Y W, et al. Uptake pathway, translocation, and isomerization of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers by wheat in closed chambers [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(5): 2652-2659. [69] ZHAI G S, GUTOWSKI S M, LEHMLER H J, et al. Enantioselective transport and biotransformation of chiral hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls in whole poplar plants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(20): 12213-12220. [70] WU T, WANG S, HUANG H L, et al. Diastereomer-specific uptake, translocation, and toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers to maize [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012, 60(34): 8528-8534. doi: 10.1021/jf302682p [71] HUANG H L, ZHANG S Z, LV J T, et al. Experimental and theoretical evidence for diastereomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation and biotransformation of HBCD in maize roots [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(22): 12205-12213. [72] 王慧芬. 典型污染区土壤—植物中PCBs污染特征及健康风险评价[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2008. WANG H F. Contamination and health risk assessment of PCBs in soil-plant system in the typical areas of Zhejiang Province, China[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2008 (in Chinese).
[73] 刘子鑫. 溴代阻燃剂六溴环十二烷在白洋淀土壤植物体系的环境行为研究[D]. 石家庄: 河北科技大学, 2021. LIU Z X. Study on environmental behavior of brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecanes in Baiyangdian Lake soil-plant system[D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei University of Science and Technology, 2021 (in Chinese).
[74] PENG Y H, CHEN Y J, CHANG M, et al. The effect of zerovalent iron on the microbial degradation of hexabromocyclododecane [J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 200: 419-426. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.123 [75] SHAH S B, HUANG L, HU H Y, et al. Characterization of environmentally friendly degradation of hexabromocyclododecane by a Bacillus strain HBCD-sjtu [J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2019, 145: 104794. [76] LI Y J, LI M H, SHIH Y H. Aerobic degradation and the effect of hexabromocyclododecane by soil microbial communities in Taiwan [J]. Environment International, 2020, 145: 106128. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106128 [77] CHOU T H, LI Y J, KO C F, et al. Efficient hexabromocyclododecane-biodegrading microorganisms isolated in Taiwan [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 271: 129544. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129544 [78] PENG X X, LU Y Y, WANG Q, et al. Kinetics, pathways and toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane biodegradation: Isolation of the novel bacterium Citrobacter sp. Y3 [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 274: 129929. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129929 [79] LI Y J, WANG R, LIN C Y, et al. The degradation mechanisms of Rhodopseudomonas palustris toward hexabromocyclododecane by time-course transcriptome analysis [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 425: 130489. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130489 [80] UKISU Y. Complete catalytic debromination of hexabromocyclododecane using a silica-supported palladium catalyst in alkaline 2-propanol [J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 179: 179-184. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.111 [81] 钱翌, 朱晓艳. 环境中六溴环十二烷的修复技术研究进展 [J]. 生态环境学报, 2014, 23(8): 1390-1395. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2014.08.022 QIAN Y, ZHU X Y. Advances in environmental remediation technologies for hexabromocyclododecane [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2014, 23(8): 1390-1395(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2014.08.022
[82] 叶威, 何祥, 柳龙, 等. 超声波降解溴系阻燃剂六溴环十二烷 [J]. 化学与生物工程, 2014, 31(4): 60-63. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5425.2014.04.016 YE W, HE X, LIU L, et al. Study on ultrasonic degradation of brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane [J]. Chemistry & Bioengineering, 2014, 31(4): 60-63(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5425.2014.04.016
[83] 余飞, 胡忠. 微生物转化六溴环十二烷研究进展 [J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2022, 28(5): 1341-1348. YU F, HU Z. Microbial transformation of hexabromocyclododecanes: A review [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2022, 28(5): 1341-1348(in Chinese).
[84] LE T T, YOON H, SON M H, et al. Treatability of hexabromocyclododecane using Pd/Fe nanoparticles in the soil-plant system: Effects of humic acids [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 689: 444-450. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.290 [85] HUANG L, WANG W W, ZANAROLI G, et al. Hexabromocyclododecanes are dehalogenated by CYP168A1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain HS9 [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2021, 87(17): e0082621. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00826-21 [86] HUANG L, WANG W W, SHAH S B, et al. The HBCDs biodegradation using a Pseudomonas strain and its application in soil phytoremediation [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 380: 120833. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120833 [87] 杨昭, 王莹莹. 农田土壤中六溴环十二烷的污染过程以及生物修复方法研究进展 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2021, 40(9): 1839-1850. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2021-0373 YANG Z, WANG Y Y. Contamination and bioremediation of Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD) in agricultural soils: A review [J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2021, 40(9): 1839-1850(in Chinese). doi: 10.11654/jaes.2021-0373
[88] 崔建升, 刘颖, 武彤, 等. γ-六溴环十二烷对映体对玉米的氧化损伤 [J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(9): 1762-1768. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.09.2016012606 CUI J S, LIU Y, WU T, et al. Oxidative damage of γ-hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers to maize [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016, 35(9): 1762-1768(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.09.2016012606
[89] 武彤, 李蝶, 田柳, 等. β-六溴环十二烷对玉米生长代谢的对映体选择性影响 [J]. 环境化学, 2022, 41(3): 909-917. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020102704 WU T, LI D, TIAN L, et al. Enantioselective effects of β-HBCD on the growth metabolism of maize [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2022, 41(3): 909-917(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020102704