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自COVID-19爆发,多个国家和地区的人口活动大幅降低[1-2],农业、工业等经济活动明显减少[3-5],人类生活和社会经济受到负面影响. 但从自然环境角度看,疫情管控也带来一定的积极影响,如已有研究表明,空气污染在疫情管控期间显著下降,野生动物的活动范围相对扩大[6-8]. 目前疫情对环境的影响研究主要集中于大气环境方面,对水环境的影响研究还较为缺乏.
太湖作为长江三角洲的中心地带,人口和经济发展迅速,大量工业农业和生活废水排入水体,导致太湖水体重金属含量不断升高,水环境受到不良影响[9-11]. 同时,水生生物对重金属敏感度高[12],其中铜、锌、铅、镉、铬为太湖主要的重金属污染物[13-14],对太湖水生生物健康存在较大的潜在危害[15-17]. 为探究COVID-19管控对重金属污染下的太湖水质及水生生态风险的影响,针对太湖水体中5 种主要重金属元素(铜、锌、铅、镉、铬),利用内梅罗指数法和联合概率法(Joint probability curve, JPC)评价重金属污染下的太湖水质及重金属的水生生态风险,并进行疫情爆发前和疫情期间的对比分析. 通过PCA-APCS-MLR模型定量解析重金属来源,结合太湖周边经济活动变化,分析COVID-19管控引发的人类活动变化对太湖水环境的影响,以期为太湖重金属污染监管和水生生物的保护提供支撑.
COVID-19对太湖重金属污染及水生生态风险的影响
Impact of COVID-19 on pollution and aquatic ecological risk of heavy metal in Tai Lake
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摘要: 自COVID-19爆发以来,人类生活和经济受到很大负面影响,但同时疫情期间自然环境得到一定改善. 为探究COVID-19管控对太湖重金属污染和水生生态风险的影响,将疫情期间(2021.6—2021.7)和爆发前(2019.9—2020.1)太湖重金属污染和水生生态风险进行对比分析,并通过PCA-APCS-MLR(主成分-绝对主因子分析-多元线性回归受体模型)对重金属进行定量源解析. 结果表明,疫情期间太湖重金属污染水平和对水生生物的生态风险皆显著降低,降幅分别为39.9%—92.8% 和0.19%—87.66%. 整体水质优良比例提升了33.65%. 重金属中受影响最大的元素为铜和铬. 定量源解析结果表明,工业源对铜和铬的贡献率分别为79.75%和84.26%,疫情期间工业活动的减少是太湖重金属污染和生态风险降低的主要原因. 为更好地管控太湖重金属污染和保护太湖水生生物,建议优先监管太湖周边电镀、冶炼和化学三大工业企业铜和铬的排放.
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关键词:
- 太湖 /
- 内梅罗指数法 /
- 联合概率法 /
- 定量源解析 /
- PCA-APCS-MLR模型.
Abstract: There has been a great negative impact on human life and economy with the outbreak of COVID-19,while the ecological environment has been improved. In order to explore the impact of COVID-19 control on heavy metal pollution and aquatic ecological in Tai Lake concretely, the difference of water quality and aquatic ecological risk of heavy metal between 2021.6—2021.7 and 2019.9—2020.1 were compared and analyzed. PCA-APCS-MLR model was further used to analyze the quantitative source of heavy metals. It clearly showed that the pollution and the ecological risks to aquatic organisms of heavy metals in Tai Lake were significantly reduced by 39.9%—92.8% and 0.19%—87.66% during the epidemic period, respectively. The proportion of excellent water quality increased by 33.65%. Copper and chromium were the most affected elements ,and the contribution rates of industrial sources to copper and chromium were 79.75% and 84.26%, respectively, as the reduction of industrial activities was the main reason for the reduction of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in Tai Lake. To better control heavy metal pollution and protect aquatic organisms, The discharge of copper and chromium from electroplating, smelting and chemical enterprises around Tai lake should be managed first. -
表 1 重金属元素相关性矩阵
Table 1. Correlation matrix of heavy metal elements
金属元素
Heavy metal铜
Cu锌
Zn铅
Pb镉
Cd铬
Cr铜 1** 锌 0.234* 1** 铅 0.028 0.060 1** 镉 0.344** 0.332** 0.334** 1** 铬 0.814** 0.244* −0.086 0.188 1** **P < 0.01,*P < 0.05. 表 2 主成分分析结果
Table 2. The results of principal component analysis
F1 F2 F3 铜 0.882 -0.275 0.248 锌 0.540 0.231 -0.763 铅 0.164 0.803 0.419 镉 0.604 0.574 -0.030 铬 0.828 -0.436 0.171 初始特征值 2.147 1.293 0.849 方差贡献率/% 42.942 25.864 16.986 累积贡献率/% 42.942 68.806 85.792 表 3 重金属来源贡献度分析
Table 3. Contribution of heavy metals sources in Tai Lake
重金属
Heavy
mental贡献率F1/%
Contribution
rate F1贡献率F2/%
Contribution
rate F2贡献率F3/%
Contribution
rate F3观测值(O)
Observed
value (O)预测值(E)
Estimated
value (O)E/O R2 铜 79.75 10.54 9.71 3.855 3.839 0.996 0.92 锌 10.63 85.93 3.44 13.166 13.155 0.999 0.93 铅 7.37 6.89 85.74 0.465 0.466 0.997 0.85 镉 18.17 48.68 33.15 0.044 0.044 1.000 0.70 铬 84.26 5.60 10.14 3.764 3.743 1.000 0.90 来源 工业 农业 交通 -
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