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微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)是一类由蓝藻产生的环状七肽天然毒素,其中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)是毒性最强、分布最为广泛的MCs变体之一[1-2]. 夏季富营养化的湖泊容易发生蓝藻暴发从而产生较高浓度的MCs,这会给人体健康和生态环境造成危害. MCs的化学结构稳定,在天然水体中虽然能在光照和微生物的作用下降解,但降解缓慢[3];因此需要采取一些人工手段进行水体治理以去除MCs,减少MCs带来的危害和风险. 常用的MCs去除方法通常应用于水处理厂,如活性炭吸附、混凝沉淀、化学氧化、超滤、生物膜反应器等[3- 4],若在湖泊水体中开展大规模治理,上述方法会有诸多限制. 生物炭由于原料来源广泛、制备方便、成本低廉,有较强的污染物吸附能力,此外还具有固碳减排、改良土壤或底质等多重环境效益,近年来在环境领域受到越来越多的研究和应用[5-6]. 因此,用生物炭来吸附去除水体中MCs是较为可行的方法.
制备生物炭的原料有农林植物废料、畜禽粪便、餐厨垃圾、沼渣污泥等,水生植物残体也是制备生物炭的常见原料[7]. 水生植物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,具有分布广、产量大、生长快的特点;但到秋冬季节,水生植物往往会枯萎,残体若不及时处理,会腐烂释放出营养物质造成水体污染[8]. 因此,将水生植物制成生物炭再投放到水体吸附MC-LR,既实现水生植物资源化利用,又能改良水体.
直接热解得到的生物炭的吸附性能通常十分有限,往往不能满足实际工作中去除特定污染物的应用需求[9]. 为了提升其吸附性能,可通过改性来改善其理化性质[10]. 氯化镁由于无毒害、腐蚀性小、成本低,是一种较为理想的改性剂[11]. 将氯化镁用于生物炭改性去除水体中的无机营养盐和重金属有较多的研究,镁改性能在生物炭表面负载含镁矿物,这能增强静电吸引、离子交换、表面络合、化学沉淀从而加强对无机污染物的吸附性能[12-14]. 虽然将镁改性生物炭用于有机污染物的去除研究较少,但Tao等研究认为镁改性可用于提升对可离子化有机污染物的吸附性能[15].
目前,利用水生植物生物炭去除MC-LR的研究较少,而利用镁改性生物炭吸附MC-LR的研究未见相关报道. 本研究在这一方面做新的尝试,利用2种常见的水生植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)制备氯化镁改性生物炭,开展其吸附MC-LR的研究,结合生物炭的表征和吸附特性,探索其改性和吸附机理.
镁改性水生植物生物炭吸附水中的微囊藻毒素-LR
Adsorption of microcystin-LR by Mg-modified aquatic plant biochar in water
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摘要: 利用水生植物苦草和狐尾藻制备镁改性生物炭,并对生物炭的比表面积、孔隙度、元素组成、pHpzc、FTIR、XPS、XRD进行表征,开展吸附水中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的研究. 结果表明,与未改性生物炭相比,镁改性生物炭具有较大的比表面积和中孔孔容,其表面负载有MgO和Mg(OH)2,且具有更多的含氧基团和更高的pHpzc. 以2.0 mol·L−1的MgCl2浸渍制备的镁改性生物炭对MC-LR的去除效果最佳. 准一级、准二级动力学、Elovich和颗粒内扩散模型都能在不同程度上较好地描述吸附过程. 吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且较高的温度有利于对MC-LR的吸附,而较高的pH和较大分子量的DOM会抑制吸附. 颗粒内扩散、中孔填充是吸附的重要机制,还可能存在氢键、静电吸引和π+−π EDA相互作用力. 本研究为水生植物残体资源化利用提供新的思路.Abstract: Mg-modified biochar was prepared by aquatic plants Vallisneria and Myriophyllum. The specific surface, porosity analysis, elemental analysis, pHpzc, FTIR, XPS and XRD characterization of the biochar were carried out, and the adsorption of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was studied. The results showed that the Mg-modified biochar had larger specific surface area and mesopore volume, and its surface was loaded with MgO and Mg(OH)2, and had higher oxygen-containing group content and pHpzc. Biochar soaked with 2.0 mol·L−1 MgCl2 had the best removal effect on MC-LR. The adsorption kinetics could be well described by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models. The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and higher temperature facilitated the adsorption of MC-LR. Higher pH and higher molecular weight of DOM would inhibit adsorption. Intra-particle diffusion and mesoporous filling were the important mechanisms of adsorption. Hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction and π+−π EDA interaction forces may also exist. This study provides new ideas for the resource utilization of wetland aquatic plant residues.
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Key words:
- Mg-modification /
- aquatic plants /
- biochar /
- MC-LR /
- adsorption.
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表 1 生物炭的比表面和孔径分析
Table 1. Specific surface and pore size analysis of biochar
生物炭
BiocharSBET /(m2·g−1) Vtot /(cm3·g−1) Vmic /(cm3·g−1) Vmeso /(cm3·g−1) KB 7.47 2.89×10−2 1.89×10−3 1.36×10−2 HB 7.64 1.93×10−2 2.17×10−3 9.29×10−3 KB-2.0Mg 58.7 1.19×10−1 8.69×10−3 6.05×10−2 HB-2.0Mg 88.7 1.46×10−1 1.81×10−2 6.66×10−2 注:数据保留3位有效数字. 未改性生物炭的SBET、Vmic、Vmes和Vtot数据引自文献[16].
The data retains 3 significant digits. The SBET, Vmic, Vmes and Vtot are quoted from previously published literature.表 2 生物炭元素分析
Table 2. Elemental analysis of biochar
生物炭
BiocharC/% H/% N/% O/% Mg/% O/C (N+O)/C H/C KB 51.92 2.56 2.73 18.24 0.67 0.263 0.309 0.592 HB 65.40 3.12 2.56 16.78 0.97 0.192 0.226 0.572 KB-2.0Mg 39.93 2.71 2.46 15.53 4.30 0.292 0.345 0.814 HB-2.0Mg 58.86 3.10 2.25 17.93 2.01 0.228 0.261 0.632 注:C、H、N、O的含量为质量分数,Mg含量为原子数占比;O/C,(N+O)/C,H/C为原子数比;表中KB和HB的C、H、N、O数据引自先前发表的文献[16].
The content of C, H, N, O is the mass fraction, and the Mg content is the atomic ratio; O/C, (N+O)/C, H/C are the atomic ratio; the C, H, N, O data of KB and HB in the table are quoted from previously published literature.表 3 吸附动力学拟合参数
Table 3. Fitting parameters of adsorption kinetics
生物炭
BiocharPseudo-1st Pseudo-2nd Elovich k1/h−1 qe/(μg·g−1) R2 k2/(g·μg−1·h−1) qe/(μg·g−1) R2 α/(μg·g−1·h−1) β/(g·μg−1) R2 KB 2.835×10−1 52.75 0.9021 6.530×10−3 56.78 0.8332 51.22 1.018×10−1 0.7084 HB 2.801×10−1 91.78 0.8664 3.760×10−3 101.1 0.9513 111.9 5.777×10−2 0.9827 KB-2.0Mg 8.487×10−2 197.3 0.9779 3.962×10−4 234.1 0.9711 32.95 1.783×10−2 0.9567 HB-2.0Mg 8.281×10−2 203.0 0.9691 3.921×10−4 239.3 0.9776 36.32 1.795×10−2 0.9789 注:数据保留4位有效数字. The data retains 4 significant digits. 表 4 吸附等温线拟合参数
Table 4. Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm
T/℃ Langmuir Freundlich KL/(L·μg−1) qm/(μg·g−1) R2 KF/(μg1−1/n·L 1/n·g−1) n R2 KB 25 5.046×10−2 189.7 0.6500 31.47 2.721 0.6452 35 1.803×10−2 311.2 0.7148 14.59 1.712 0.6899 HB 25 8.469×10−2 300.1 0.6706 67.97 3.089 0.6378 35 3.091×10−2 667.2 0.8925 47.40 1.816 0.8654 KB-2.0Mg 25 4.106×10−2 497.4 0.8846 52.22 2.115 0.9117 35 1.552×10−2 960.7 0.8001 36.23 1.603 0.8455 HB-2.0Mg 25 6.204×10−1 474.5 0.8242 211.1 4.301 0.8946 35 3.488×10−2 1909 0.9875 87.03 1.350 0.9796 注:数据保留4位有效数字.The data retains 4 significant digits. -
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