大连市PM2.5中重金属的污染特征、来源及健康风险评价
Characteristics, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-bound Metal Elements in Dalian
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摘要: 为研究大连市大气PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征和健康风险，于2021年6月3日至2022年5月29日进行样品采集，每3天采样1次，共采集有效样品120个。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定PM2.5中14种重金属元素包括钡(Ba)、镉(Cd)、锡(Sn)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、铅(Pb)和锑(Sb)的浓度，运用正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)解析了PM2.5中重金属元素的来源，并评估了重金属元素的健康风险。结果表明，采样期间大连市PM2.5质量浓度范围为4.2~159.3 μg·m-3，年平均质量浓度为(33.2±28.9) μg·m-3。PM2.5中共检出13种重金属元素(Sn未检出)，总质量浓度范围为0.004~0.586 μg·m-3，年均质量浓度为(0.139±0.116) μg·m-3。Zn是PM2.5中最主要的微量元素，平均占比(33.6±23.5)%。来源解析结果显示，大连市PM2.5中重金属元素主要来源按年平均占比由高到低依次为：工业过程源(41.9%)>交通排放源(32.3%)>燃煤源(14.4%)>钢铁冶炼源(11.4%)。污染时段工业过程源和燃煤排放源占比增大。健康风险评价结果显示，大连市PM2.5中12种重金属元素(Cr、Cd、Co、Ni、As、Pb、Ba、V、Mn、Zn、Cu和Sb)经呼吸暴露途径的非致癌风险较小(HI＜1)。重金属元素对儿童的非致癌风险高于成人。评价致癌风险的6种重金属中，Cd、Co、Ni和Pb对于儿童和成人基本不存在致癌风险(R＜10-6)；As和Cr对于儿童和成人都存在一定致癌风险(10-6＜R＜10-4)。6种重金属元素累计对成年男性致癌风险最高(ILCR=6.51×10-5)，成年女性次之(ILCR=5.54×10-5)，儿童最低(ILCR=1.42×10-5)。在PM2.5污染情况下，Pb和As对成人存在一定致癌风险，Cr元素存在较高致癌风险。Abstract: To study the pollution characteristics and health risks of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Dalian, a total of 120 effective samples were collected from June 3, 2021 to May 29, 2022, once every 3 days. The concentrations of 14 heavy metals (Ba, Cd, Sn, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Pb and Sb) in PM2.5 were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The sources of heavy metal elements in PM2.5 were analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF), and the health risk of heavy metal elements was evaluated. The results showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 in Dalian ranged from 4.2 to 159.3 μg·m-3 during the sampling period, with the annual average of (33.2±28.9) μg·m-3. A total of 14 heavy metal elements except Sn were detected in PM2.5. The total mass concentrations were from 0.004 to 0.586 μg·m-3 with an average concentration of (0.139±0.116) μg·m-3. Among all metals, Zn was the most abundant element in PM2.5, with an average of (33.6±23.5)%. The source analysis results showed that the main sources of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Dalian were in order from high to low: industrial process source (41.9%) > traffic emission source (32.3%) > coal combustion source (14.4%) > iron and steel smelting source (11.4%). During the pollution period, the proportion of industrial process sources and coal combustion sources increased. The results of health risk assessment showed that the 12 heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Co, Ni, As, Pb, Ba, V, Mn, Zn, Cu and Sb) in PM2.5 in Dalian had a low non-carcinogenic risk (HI<1) through respiratory exposure. The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals to children was higher than that to adults. Among the 6 heavy metals evaluated for carcinogenic risk, Cd, Co, Ni and Pb basically had no carcinogenic risk for children and adults (R<10-6); As and Cr had a certain carcinogenic risk both for children and adults (10-6<R<10-4). The cumulative carcinogenic risk of the six heavy metals was the highest for adult males (ILCR=6.51×10-5), followed by adult females (ILCR=5.54×10-5), and the lowest for children (ILCR=1.42×10-5). Pb and As had a certain carcinogenic risk for adults, whereas Cr had a higher carcinogenic risk during periods of PM2.5 pollution.
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Key words:
- PM2.5 /
- heavy metals /
- health risk assessment
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