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城市污水处理产生的污泥中富含大量有机质、无机物、重金属和病原体[1]。传统污泥处置方法如填埋、焚烧和土地利用等存在污染扩散或二次污染等缺陷,如何妥善处置污泥受到社会各界的广泛关注。将污泥制备成为功能型生物质炭 (biochar) 是实现污泥资源化的有效方法[2-3]。XIAO等[4]利用热碱预处理污泥残余固体,通过热解制备的biochar对阳离子红X-GRL最高吸附容量可达46.70 mg·g−1;ATHALATHIL等[5]通过水热法制备biochar/TiO2 纳米光催化剂,紫外光照反应60 min后可去除近36%的双酚A。
层状双氢氧化物 (layered double hydroxides,LDH) 由二价和三价金属的氧八面体构成的带正电的二维板层与层间的阴离子和H2O组成。LDH的化学式一般表示为[(M2+)1-x(M3+)x (OH)2]x+(An−)x/n·mH2O,其中,M2+为二价离子 (如Zn2+、Cu2+或Mg2+等) ,M3+为三价离子 (如Fe3+、Al3+或Cr3+等) ,An-为层间阴离子 (如Cl−、NO3−或SO42-等) ,x为M2+/(M2++M3+) 的比值,其范围为 0.17到0.33。 LDH经热处理后得到的层状双氧化物 (layered double oxide,LDO) 不仅比表面积显著增大、结构更稳定,而且其在水溶液中通过 "记忆效应"可恢复至LDH结构[6-7]。尽管LDO具有优异的阴离子交换性能和高比表面积,但在水溶液中化学稳定性仍有待提高,尤其是当溶液pH小于4时LDO因为溶解而导致吸附性能变差[8]。将生物炭与LDO复合,可以有效提高LDO的化学稳定性,同时LDO与生物炭之间的协同作用可形成更丰富的活性位点[9],提高生物炭和LDO的吸附能力[10-11]。各种LDO与生物炭复合吸附材料已经被广泛用于各种有机污染物[9]。WANG等[11]采用共沉淀和高温碳化法,以玉米芯为原料通过外加金属镍盐和铝盐制备MC1/NiAl-LDO吸附剂,50 °C下对a-啶橙的最大吸附容量为116.30 mg·g−1。MEILIA等[12]通过热解和浸渍法制备木质biochar-ZnFe2O4复合材料,锌铁摩尔比为1∶4条件下所制备的复合吸附剂对扑热息痛的吸附容量为17.66 mg·g−1。目前,有关LDO/biochar复合材料的制备过程中,往往需要额外添加金属盐作为LDO的原料,通过原位利用生物质中的金属离子制备LDO/biochar复合材料可有效降低制备成本。
铝系混凝剂在污泥废水处理和市政污泥调理过程中不断富集,使得污泥中的铝含量较高。因此,将污泥中的碳和铝元素固定并利用是提高污泥资源化效率的有效手段。本研究以含铝污泥为原料,通过外加镁盐形成共沉淀,结合热处理工艺原位制备镁铝层状双氧化物/生物炭 (MgAl LDO@biochar) 复合材料;基于对LDO@biochar的结构和组成分析,将其作为吸附剂材料应用于有机污染物的吸附去除,并阐释其吸附机理,以期为市政污泥资源化利用与高性能环境功能材料制备提供参考。
污泥基层状双氧化物/生物炭复合材料的原位制备及吸附机理
In-situ fabrication of layered double oxides/biochar composites from municipal sludge and adsorption mechanism elucidation
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摘要: 针对市政污泥中金属资源化程度低的问题,以富含铝的市政污泥为原料制备得到污泥基镁铝层状双氧化物/生物炭 (MgAl LDO@biochar) 复合材料。结合结构表征,静态吸附和动态吸附实验系统探讨LDO@biochar的吸附性能和吸附机理。结果表明,铝镁摩尔比为1∶2时,所制备LDO@biochar的比表面积和晶粒尺寸最大,其对模式污染物刚果红的吸附容量最高。在吸附过程中LDO通过“记忆效应”重构层状双氢氧化物 (LDH) 结构从而对阴离子产生吸附作用,biochar的共轭碳环和含氧官能团也可以作为污染物结合位点。污染物与吸附剂之间可通过离子交换、π-π共轭、氢键作用和静电吸引等方式结合。与阳离子型染料罗丹明B (11.30 mg·g−1) 和具有单一共轭环结构的磺胺 (20.25 mg·g−1) 相比,阴离子型染料酸性橙II (181.30 mg·g−1) 和具有多共轭环结构的四环素 (39.49 mg·g−1) 的平衡吸附容量更大,而具有多共轭环结构的阴离子型染料刚果红的平衡吸附容量高达477.46 mg·g−1。本研究结果可为综合利用市政污泥制备高附加值环境功能材料提供参考。
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关键词:
- 市政污泥 /
- 层状双氧化物/生物炭 /
- 层状双氢氧化物 /
- 吸附机理
Abstract: Improving the metal utilization efficiency from municipal sludge is encouraged to achieve pollution mitigation and resource recovery. In this work, MgAl magnesium-aluminum layered double oxide/biochar (MgAl LDO@biochar) composite was fabricated from an Al-rich municipal sludge. The adsorption performance of LDO@biochar and the involved adsorption mechanism were investigated in terms of structural characterization, static adsorption, and dynamic adsorption experiments. The results indicated that the LDO@biochar sample obtained at an Al-Mg molar ratio of 1∶2 possessed the highest specific surface area and grain size, and as a result it exhibited the highest adsorption capacity towards the model pollutant congo red. During the adsorption process, LDO collapsed and reconstructed the layered double hydroxides (LDHs) structure due to the “memory effect”. In addition to the LDHs with specific affinity to anions, the conjugated carbon ring and oxygen-containing functional groups in biochar also served as the adsorption sites. Pollutants could be bound to the adsorbent through multiple interactions including ion exchange, π-π conjugation, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. The anionic dye Acid Orange II and tetracycline with multiple conjugated rings were adsorbed with equilibrium adsorption capacities of 181.30 and 39.49 mg·g−1, respectively, which were higher than the values for the cationic dye rhodamine B (11.30 mg·g−1) and sulfonamide with single conjugated ring (20.25 mg·g−1). The highest adsorption capacity was found on the anionic dye congo red with the largest conjugate structure, which was up to 477.46 mg·g−1. The results of this work provided a reference for the fabrication of value-added environmental functional materials from municipal sludge. -
表 1 污泥粉末的基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of sludge powder
pH 阳离子交换
容量/ (mmol·g−1)金属元素质量分数/% 铝 铁 锰 锌 铬 铜 镍 6.90 0.77 11.55 20.38 0.51 0.44 0.13 0.07 0.04 表 2 吸附刚果红后水体中主要金属离子质量浓度
Table 2. Mass concentration of metal ions in water samples after adsorption of congo red
样品编号 金属离子质量浓度/(μg·L−1) 铝 铁 锰 锌 铬 铜 镍 pH=3 103.40 114.30 33.17 8.38 0.17 未检出 2.02 pH=11 76.58 50.48 22.09 40.45 1.33 4.96 0.38 标准值 200 300 100 1 000 50 1 000 20 表 3 LDO@biochar的吸附等温线模型拟合参数
Table 3. Fitting parameters for the adsorption isotherm models of LDO@biochar
T/ ℃ Langmuir Freundlich qm/ (mg·g−1) KL/ (L·mg−1) R2 KF/ (mg·g−1·L1/n·mg−1/n) n R2 20 709.22 0.042 0.876 90.01 2.599 0.875 30 862.07 0.036 0.815 74.14 2.095 0.874 40 847.46 0.061 0.789 123.049 2.595 0.947 T/ ℃ Dubinin-Radushkevic Tempkin qm/ (mg·g−1) β/ (mol2·J−2) R2 B Kt / (L·mol−1) R2 20 2 184.780 2.55×10−7 0.873 112.7 1.073 0.846 30 4 915.310 3.44×10−7 0.859 151.78 0.62 0.831 40 639.87 5.04×10−8 0.686 122.81 2.171 0.765 表 4 不同吸附剂对刚果红的吸附容量比较
Table 4. Comparison of adsorption capacities of the adsorbents towards congo red
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