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我国不发达的偏远农村地区由于水资源缺乏不得不使用重金属超标的水体作为饮用水水源[1],一些地区存在锰含量超标的现象[2-3],对饮用水安全造成威胁。当人体摄入过量重金属后,可能导致胃溃疡、脑损伤、心力衰竭、糖尿病以及神经系统疾病[4-5]。由于农村饮用水源较分散,常规用于城市集约化饮用水处理的工艺在农村较难实现,重力驱动膜过滤系统(gravity-driven membrane filtration system,GDM)作为一种分散性强、操作简单、低能耗和低成本的水处理技术,在农村地区饮用水处理方面具有较高的应用前景[6]。GDM在4~10 kPa条件下运行,无需任何物理或化学清洗,能够稳定运行数月甚至数年[6-8],适用于农村水处理场景。在GDM系统中,原水中的大分子污染物被膜截留,随着时间的增长,在膜表面形成一层不均匀的污垢层,进一步截留和吸附污染物以实现水质净化[9-11]。
传统的GDM系统很难去除重金属[12],对此,研究者们尝试对GDM系统进行改进以增强处理效能。一些研究将各种预处理方式与GDM系统相结合,以提高重金属的去除率。这包括在膜表面预涂锰氧化物增加生物膜的孔隙率,提高微生物群落的多样性,利用微生物去除锰和铁[13]。此外,DU等[14]通过在膜表面的粉末活性炭上沉积一层锰氧化物,使锰氧化细菌在膜上富集,从而促进锰的去除。SHI等[12]还通过在膜表面添加零价铁从而增加生物膜的多孔结构,极大地提高了重金属的去除率。但是,在膜表面添加锰和零价铁等重金属,易造成锰和铁的流失,导致二次污染。因此,开发一种绿色环保的方法提高GDM系统对重金属的去除,以及对促进GDM系统在饮用水处理中的应用具有重大意义。
木质膜(wood membrane,WM)是一种具有几至几十微米孔道结构的天然绿色微滤膜,在水处理领域具有巨大的应用潜力[15]。VITAS等[16]将其羧基化后,提高了对铜的去除率。YANG等[17]将木质膜巯基功能化,以快速去除重金属。考虑到经济性和材料可得性,运用木质膜改进GDM系统在农村易于实现。当前关于木质膜运用于GDM系统的报道较为缺乏,其对GDM系统运行的影响仍不清楚。因此,本研究利用典型乔木(白杨木)为原材料作为木质膜,探究基于聚合物微滤(microfiltration,MF)膜和木质膜的GDM系统对重金属的去除效能及潜在机理,以期为解决农村饮水安全问题提供绿色且成本低廉的处理方案。
木质膜耦合聚合物膜的重力驱动膜过滤系统增强水源水中重金属的去除及机制
Gravity-driven filtration system based on wood membrane coupled with polymer membrane strengthening heavy metal removal from source water: insight of performance and mechanism
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摘要: 针对聚合物膜的重力驱动膜过滤系统(gravity-driven membrane filtration system,GDM)对水源水中重金属去除效率低的问题,将其与木质膜(wood membrane,WM)耦合,以环保且廉价的方式提高重金属的去除效率。本研究比较了木质膜耦合聚合物微滤(microfiltration,MF)膜的GDM系统(GDM1)和聚合物微滤膜GDM系统(GDM2)对水源水中重金属的去除效能及机制。与GDM2相比,GDM1系统在木质膜的作用下,其微滤膜(GDM1-MF)上的生物膜更薄并呈现出更疏松的网状结构,因此,膜阻力更低,稳定通量更高。稳定运行后,GDM1系统对水中Fe、Mn和Cu的去除率分别达到67%、43%和59%,均高于GDM2(64%、15%和36%)。这是由于GDM1系统生物膜胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中蛋白含量以及—OH和—COOH基团更多,更有利于截留重金属。此外,GDM1-MF中存在更多的锰氧化细菌、酸杆菌门Acidobacteriota和黄杆菌属Flavobacterium,促进了Mn和Cu的去除。本研究为利用GDM系统去除水中重金属提供了新的思路和方法,对推动利用GDM系统处理重金属污染水源水的应用具有重大意义。Abstract: Gravity-driven membrane filtration system (GDM) with polymer membrane has a disadvantage of low efficiency of heavy metals removal from water. To address this problem, it is coupled with wood membrane (WM) to promote heavy metal removal in an environmentally friendly and low-cost way. In this study, we compared two microfiltration-based GDM systems, one was the wood membrane coupled with polymeric microfiltration (MF) membrane (GDM1), and the other was polymeric microfiltration membrane (GDM2) only. Their removal of heavy metals from water was compared and the underlying mechanism was further investigated. The results showed that, compared with GDM2, the GDM1 system with wood membrane had a thinner biofilm thickness with more sparse reticular structures on the microfiltration membrane (GDM1-MF). Thus, GDM1 system exhibited a lower membrane resistance and a higher stable flux. During the stable operation stage, the GDM1 system decreased 67%, 43% and 59% of Fe, Mn and Cu in water, respectively, which were much better than GDM2 system (64%, 15% and 36%, respectively). This is because the coupling of wood membrane increased the protein content as well as —OH and —COOH groups of the extracellular polymer (EPS) in the biofilm, which contributed to more heavy metal retention in the GDM1 system. In addition, the presence of more manganese-oxidizing bacteria, Acidobacteria phylum and Flavobacter spp. in GDM1-MF promoted the removal of Mn and Cu. This study provides a new insight into the removal of heavy metals in water by GDM system, which is of great significance to promote the application of GDM system in treating heavy metal contaminated water.
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