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水质安全是污水排放与再生回用的关键。病原微生物风险是保障水质安全需要优先控制的问题。总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌(E.coli)常被作为粪便污染的指示微生物,被国内外学者广泛用于评价水的生物安全性[1]。大肠菌群主要以粪口途径传播、通过侵染肠道系统引发疾病,甚至危及人的生命[2]。污水处理厂既是各种污水的汇集地,又是污水经过处理达到一定标准后重新回到生态系统或加以再生利用的重要环节[3]。污水处理厂被认为是大肠菌群的重要来源及传播场所[4]。消毒作为污水处理的最后一道工序,在灭活病原微生物、减少水传染疾病的传播等方面发挥着重要作用。在污水处理厂中,通常采用UV或NaClO消毒对大肠菌群进行灭活[5]。
有研究表明,NaClO消毒可有效灭活细菌,同时水中残留的氯具有持续消毒作用,可保证消毒后水的生物稳定性,但次氯酸钠消毒会产生消毒副产物(DBPs),威胁再生水的用水安全[6]。UV消毒可以在较低剂量下有效灭活病原微生物[7],但UV消毒无持续杀菌能力,且经UV消毒后部分细菌难以被完全杀灭而处于亚致死或活的但不可培养状态[8],这些细菌可在一定条件下通过光复活或暗修复的方式重新获得活性,进而增加再生水储存和输送过程中病原微生物二次滋生的潜在风险。
迄今为止,已有学者在UV-NaClO顺序消毒灭活病原微生物方面开展了相关的研究工作[9-10],但达到与UV或NaClO相同的消毒效果时,UV-NaClO顺序消毒在投加量的优势,消毒后水在输送,储存及再生利用过程中UV-NaClO顺序消毒控制大肠菌群二次滋生的研究却相对较少。本研究以青岛市某市政污水处理厂消毒前的深度处理出水为研究对象,分别采用UV、NaClO以及UV-NaClO顺序消毒,对比分析了在达到排放要求以及再生水不同回用标准时,UV-NaClO顺序消毒对微生物光复活与暗修复的抑制能力及其对DBPs生成量的削减作用。本研究结果可为强化污水消毒,降低污水排放与再生回用的生物安全风险提供参考。
UV-NaClO顺序消毒对污水中大肠菌群的灭活效果
Inactivation of coliforms in wastewater by UV- NaClO disinfection
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摘要: 紫外(UV)和次氯酸钠(NaClO)消毒广泛应用于城市污水处理中,但目前2种消毒方式均存在不足。为实现既可高效消毒又能同时降低消毒所带来负面影响的目的,通过对比研究,分析了达到与UV或NaClO相同的消毒效果时,紫外-次氯酸钠(UV-NaClO)顺序消毒所需的消毒剂量以及UV-NaClO顺序消毒对微生物复活和消毒副产物(DBPs)生成的影响。结果表明:当UV剂量为9 mJ·cm−2,NaClO投加量为3、4和10 mg·L−1时,UV-NaClO顺序消毒可达到与单独UV消毒时(剂量为12、20或60 mJ·cm−2)以及单独NaClO消毒时(NaClO投加量为4、10或20 mg·L−1)的相同消毒效果;且当需要的微生物灭活效率越高时,UV-NaClO 顺序消毒的优势越明显。同单独UV消毒相比,UV-NaClO顺序消毒后微生物的光复活率和暗修复率明显降低。当达到与单独NaClO消毒相同的微生物灭活效果时,UV-NaClO顺序消毒可有效降低DBPs的生成量,例如完全灭活E.coli,采用UV-NaClO顺序消毒,DBPs的生成量可较单独NaClO消毒降低了76.87%。本研究可为污水排放与再生利用消毒技术的选择提供参考。Abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection are widely used in wastewater treatment, but both disinfection methods have deficiencies. In order to achieve efficient disinfection while reducing the negative impact of disinfection, a comparative study was conducted to analyze the disinfectant amount required for combined UV-NaClO disinfection with the same disinfection effect as UV or NaClO and the effect of UV-NaClO disinfection on microbial reactivation and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. The results showed that at UV dosage of 9 mJ·cm−2 and NaClO dosages of 3, 4 and 10 mg·L−1, UV-NaClO disinfection was as effective as UV disinfection alone at UV dosages of 12, 20 or 60 mJ·cm−2 and NaClO disinfection alone at NaClO dosages of 4, 10 or 20 mg·L−1. The higher the desired microbial inactivation efficiency, the more obvious the advantages of UV-NaClO disinfection. Compared to UV disinfection alone, UV-NaClO disinfection showed significantly lower rates of microbial photo-reactivation and dark repair. Achieving the same microbial inactivation effect as NaClO disinfection alone, UV-NaClO disinfection could effectively reduce the production of DBPs, for example, achieving complete inactivation of E.coli, the production of DBPs decreased by 76.87% using UV-NaClO disinfection compared with NaClO disinfection alone. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the selection of disinfection technology for wastewater discharge and recycling.
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Key words:
- ultraviolet /
- sodium hypochlorite /
- disinfection /
- coliforms /
- reactivation /
- disinfection by-products
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表 1 不同污水排放标准下不同消毒方式所需的最小消毒剂量
Table 1. Minimum disinfection dosage required by different disinfection methods for different sewage discharge standards
出水标准 限值要求/
(CFU·L−1)UV消毒/
(mJ·cm−2)NaClO消毒/
(mg·L−1)UV- NaClO顺序消毒
UV(mJ·cm−2)/NaClO(mg·L−1)一级A标准 FC≤1000 12 4 9/3 绿地灌溉标准 FC≤200 20 10 9/4 杂用水标准 E.coli 不得检出 60 20 9/10 完全灭活FC 80 30 20/10 表 2 NaClO和UV-NaClO顺序消毒时DBPs生成量的比较
Table 2. Comparison of DBPs generation after NaClO and UV-NaClO disinfection
出水标准 NaClO消毒/
(mg·L−1)DBPs生成量/
(μg·L−1)UV- NaClO顺序消毒
UV(mJ·cm−2)/NaClO(mg·L−1)DBPs生成量/
(μg·L−1)一级A标准 4 3.18±2.14 9/3 2.4±1.68 绿地灌溉标准 10 11.56±2.03 9/4 5.79±1.76 杂用水标准 20 52.27±2.65 9/10 12.09±2.23 完全灭活FC 30 65.32±2.87 20/10 14.47±1.89 -
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