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随着经济的快速发展以及城市化进程的加速,厨余垃圾在城市固体废物管理系统中占据愈发重要的位置。据统计,厨余垃圾在生活垃圾中占比可达50.0%以上[1-3],其化学组份主要为淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质、脂质和无机盐[4]。厨余垃圾有3大特性:一是含水率高,占比高达80%[5],易腐烂并散发恶臭,不仅造成卫生问题,也不利于垃圾收运;二是油脂和盐类物质含量高[6-7],若不能妥善处理,会影响后续综合利用效果,影响资源化产物的品质[4];三是蕴含丰富的碳资源,碳含量高达约50.0%,碳氮比约为20.0[8-15],为其资源化利用提供了良好的物质基础。
目前,我国厨余垃圾资源化利用的途径主要是厌氧消化处理(74.3%),少量采用好氧堆肥(13.5%)、饲料化(12.2%)等模式[16]。然而,厨余垃圾的资源化依然面临2大困境。首先,分类收运困难,厨余垃圾尚未做到完全从生活垃圾中分离出来单独收集[17-20]。目前,在试点城市分类收运的实践中,分离后的厨余垃圾中依然含有10.0%~25.0%的杂质,如木筷、纸杯、塑料袋[21-22],这使得预处理工序十分复杂。其次,资源化处理技术存在弊端。厌氧消化技术的经济成本高且安全隐患大[21, 23-24];好氧堆肥占地面积大且会带来严重的二次污染[25-26];饲料化技术尚不成熟且存在同源性危害[24]。为应对上述困境,厨余垃圾粉碎机(food waste disposer,FWD)开始引入我国厨余垃圾管理实践。
FWD作为一种新型厨房电器,主要用于厨余垃圾的粉碎处理,它提供了一种处理厨余垃圾的全新方法。FWD的主体是由不锈钢材质的研磨腔和研磨盘组成,体积适中,通常安装于厨房水池台下并且连接排水管道。在工作时,通过高速运转的永磁电机带动研磨腔中的转盘,厨余垃圾便在离心力的作用下互相撞击,可以在极短时间内被研磨粉碎成细小颗粒,最终随水流汇入污水处理系统。FWD能够处理多种多样的厨余垃圾,从残羹剩饭到肉鱼骨刺,都可以使用FWD粉碎成浆状直接排出。1927年,FWD在美国被首次推出,因其方便快捷的特性而获得广泛的应用,目前,在美国的普及率约为50.0%[27]。加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰的普及率分别约为10.0%、12.0%和30.0%[28-29]。在日本,FWD 已成为将厨余垃圾从生活垃圾中分离出来的有效工具[30]。然而,欧洲国家如法国、德国等不鼓励使用FWD。其主要原因是,FWD的使用增加了污水处理厂进水的污染物浓度,超过了污水处理厂的处理负荷[31]。近年来,我国政府也开始关注FWD的应用,但尚无明确政策导向,仅在个别地区(如北京市)鼓励安装。随着经济快速发展,FWD会因其便捷性被更多居民所接受。然而,关于FWD的应用所产生的环境影响,目前尚未达成共识。
本文将依据文献分析,从FWD安装后带来的物质减量化效果,能量流变化,以及重要环境效应的变化等方面进行梳理,以期识别FWD应用后将可能带来的潜在环境影响,以期为城市固废管理和科学研究提供参考。
厨余垃圾粉碎机应用的环境影响研究现状与展望
The state of art and prospects of studies on environmental impact of food waste disposers
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摘要: 为探究厨余垃圾粉碎机(food waste disposer,FWD)应用后的潜在环境影响,分别从生活垃圾减量化效益,垃圾处理系统能量流变化,碳减排效益,酸化以及富营养化效应等方面系统地梳理针对该设备的当前研究进展。结果表明,FWD的应用可实现厨余垃圾的源头分离,直接减少了城市生活垃圾的收运数量,但系统的净能源产出仍存在不确定性;FWD在降低碳排放和酸化效应方面有正向作用,但会增加富营养化效应。未来研究重点建议聚焦于本地化的清单数据挖掘,深化厌氧消化模式和FWD模式的环境影响的对比研究,分析FWD普及率阈值与环境影响的相互关系,以及探究FWD应用的新模式。Abstract: Based on the literatures analysis, the relative studies on the potential environmental impacts of application of Food Waste Disposer (FWD) are reviewed. It summarized the literature study results in the context of municipal waste flow, energy consumption, carbon reduction and acidification, as well as eutrophication. Firstly, FWD installation can reduce the MSW flow in collection and transportation so as to divert the food waste from MSW to wastewater system. Secondly, there is uncertainty in the net energy output. Thirdly, FWD can reduce the carbon emission and acidification, but increase the eutrophication. The future research focus are suggested on these such four aspects as local data mining, comparison of environmental impact of FWD and anaerobic digestion, and relationship of FWD installation rate and environmental impacts, as well as developing new model of FWD application.
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表 1 FWD的应用对污水处理厂进水TSS、COD及BOD的影响
Table 1. The influence variation of TSS, COD and BOD of sewage treatment plants due to FWD installation
FWD普及率 TSS增加量 COD增加量 BOD增加量 参考文献 10.0% 2.0% — 2.9% IACOVIDOU等[28] 24.0% 6.0% — 8.8% 96.0% 27.8% — 40.2% 25.0% 1.9% — 17.0% MARASHLIAN等[33] 75.0% 7.1% — 62.0% 100.0% 71.9% 59.2% — IQBAL等[38] 1.0% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 杨瑒等[39] 5.0% 2.3% 2.5% 3.1% 10.0% 4.5% 5.0% 6.1% 100.0% 43.7% 48.3% 59.5% 67.0% 30.0% 44.0% — BATTISTONI等[44] 63.0% — 50.0% — THOMSEN等[46] 100.0% 18.0%~39.0% 24.0%~48.0% 28.0%~59.0% THOMAS等[47] 10.0% 8.7% 5.5% — ZAN等[48] 80.0% 44.0%~69.0% 28.0%~44.0% — 表 2 FWD的应用对污水处理系统污泥产量及沼气产量的影响
Table 2. Changes of sludge production and biogas production in sewage treatment system due to FWD installation
表 3 FWD应用的碳减排率
Table 3. Carbon reduction rate due to FWD installation
FWD普及率 碳减排率 系统边界 比较情景 参考文献 100.0% 75.0% 厨余垃圾处理系统 好氧堆肥 LUNDIE等[55] 21.0% 24.0% 固体废弃物处理系统 好氧堆肥,填埋 MAALOUF等[58] 42.0% 22.2% 固体废弃物处理系统 好氧堆肥 50.0% 2.4% 有机垃圾(包括剩余污泥)处理系统 好氧堆肥 TIDAKER等[59] 100.0% −236.0% 厨余垃圾处理系统 好氧堆肥 KIM等[60] 21.0% 20.4% 固体废物处理系统 厌氧消化,填埋 MAALOUF等[58] 42.0% −16.7% 固体废物处理系统 厌氧消化 100.0% −290.3% 厨余垃圾处理系统 厌氧消化 KIM等[60] 100.0% −300.0% 厨余垃圾处理系统 厌氧消化 MORRIS等[61] 10.0% 9.0% 厨余垃圾处理系统 填埋,生物干燥产燃料,好氧堆肥 GUVEN等[57] 42.0% 10.0%~42.0% 固体废物处理系统 填埋 MAALOUF等[62] 10.0% 149.8% 市政污水处理系统 高速活性污泥工艺 GUVEN等[54] -
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