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由于矿山开采、金属冶炼[1]、不合格农药使用等人类生产活动而导致大量含有重金属的废水进入自然环境,已造成严重的土壤和地下水污染[2]。根据2014年原环境保护部与原国土资源部联合发布的全国土壤污染调查公报,我国污水灌溉区超标点位占26.4%,重金属元素镉(Cd)的超标率位列第一。而且,Cd具有不能被分解或降解的特性,对环境中的生物体表现不同程度的毒性,会通过食物链进行传递,严重威胁人类身体健康[3]。
近年来,已有多种物理和化学技术应用于水体中Cd(Ⅱ)的污染修复,其中包括化学沉淀、离子交换、膜分离和吸附[4]。在这些方法中,吸附方法因其能高效固定水体中的重金属且操作简单而被广泛应用。目前,已有多种吸附材料已经被用于水体中Cd(Ⅱ)的污染修复,包括活性炭、沸石、生物炭等[5]。有研究表明,生物炭因其具有高比表面积、高阳离子交换容量(CEC)、丰富的含氧官能团和高矿物质含量,能够将Cd(Ⅱ)吸附在其表面,成为Cd(Ⅱ)污染修复应用中的有效吸附剂[6]。HAN等利用生物炭吸附水体Cd(Ⅱ),其最大吸附量为74.04 mg·g−1[7]。然而,传统生物炭存在对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果不理想,难以分离和回收重金属资源,并且容易引起二次污染等问题[8],因而限制了其在水污染修复中的应用。有研究表明,铁改性生物炭不仅可以增强Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力,而且可磁性回收[9]。纳米零价铁(nZVI)因其粒径小、表面积大、活性强,在反应过程中产生的铁氧化物能够高效吸附Cd(Ⅱ)[10],被广泛应用于生物炭改性吸附剂。然而,之前研究中通过化学还原方法制备的nZVI改性生物炭存在易氧化和抗干扰性不足,还原剂成本高等问题,故难以广泛应用。因此,如何研发出既能高效吸附Cd(Ⅱ),同时抗干扰能力强,且可以回收的铁炭复合材料是当前Cd(Ⅱ)污染修复的关键和难点。
综上所述,本研究使用废弃木屑生物质和铁盐为原料,使用碳热厌氧还原方法制备出一种新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料,并采用多种固相技术对材料的组成、结构和性质进行了表征和分析;研究了材料对水体Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果及其构效关系,考察了pH和干扰离子等对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附的影响;揭示了新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料对Cd(Ⅱ)的固定机制。
新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料高效去除镉及其作用机制
Novel biomass-derived porous iron/carbon materials for highly efficient cadmium removal and its mechanisms
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摘要: 通过高温厌氧碳热还原方法制备出一种新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料,并详细分析了材料的结构和性质;考察了制备过程中的热解温度、pH和干扰离子等环境因子对镉吸附性能的影响,并揭示了铁炭基功能材料对镉的固定机制。结果表明,材料比表面积和孔容随热解温度升高而增加,在800 ℃材料中形成了纳米零价铁和碳化铁,制备出了具有磁性的铁炭基功能材料(MCFe-800),有利于材料的磁性回收。动力学实验结果表明,MCFe-800对水体镉的去除率明显高于其他热解温度,最大吸附容量归一化到铁为463.84 mg·g−1。在偏中性条件下更有利于对镉的去除。MCFe-800对镉的固定机制主要为静电吸附、共沉淀和表面络合。此外,经过4次循环实验后,MCFe-800对实际水体中镉的去除率仍为75.0%。滤柱实验结果表明,当镉初始质量浓度为1 000 μg·L−1和2 000 μg·L−1时,有效处理量分别为400 BV和270 BV。因此,新型多孔生物质铁炭基功能材料在水体镉污染修复方面具有很大应用潜力。Abstract: In this study, a type of novel biomass-derived porous iron/carbon material was prepared by the high-temperature carbothermal reduction method under anaerobic conditions, and its structure and properties were analyzed in detail. The effects of environmental factors during preparation including pyrolysis temperature, pH, and co-existing ions on the performance of cadmium (Cd) removal were investigated, and the corresponding Cd fixation mechanism by this iron/carbon material was revealed. The results show that the specific surface area and pore volume of the material increased with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature, and nanoscale zero-valent iron and iron carbide occurred at 800℃, a magnetic iron/carbon-based functional material (MCFe-800) was prepared, which was beneficial to the magnetic recovery. The adsorption kinetic experiment results show that the removal efficiency of Cd by MCFe-800 was significantly higher than that of other pyrolysis temperatures, and the maximum removal capacity normalized to iron was 463.84 mg·g−1. It is more favorable for Cd removal by MCFe-800 under neutral conditions. The removal mechanisms of Cd were mainly electrostatic adsorption, co-precipitation, and surface complexation. In addition, after four cycles, the removal efficiency of Cd by MCFe-800 in real water was still 75.0%. Filter column experiments show that the treatment capacities of MCFe-800 were 400 BV and 270 BV when the initial concentrations of Cd(II) were 1 000 μg·L−1 and 2 000 μg·L−1, respectively. Therefore, the novel biomass-derived porous iron/carbon material has a great application potential for the remediation of Cd pollution in water.
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Key words:
- iron/carbon materials /
- cadmium /
- water treatment
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表 1 MCFe的结构性能
Table 1. Structural properties of MCFe
吸附材料 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔容/(cm3·g−1) 孔径/(nm) MCFe-400 5.38 0.01 14.01 MCFe-600 166.77 0.11 3.63 MCFe-800 209.29 0.22 4.12 表 2 吸附等温模型和动力学参数
Table 2. Adsorption isotherm model and kinetic parameters
材料 Langmuir模型 伪二级动力学拟合 Qm/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 k2/(g·(mg·min)−1) R2 MCFe-400 — — — 0.031 0.98 MCFe-600 — — — 0.057 0.99 MCFe-800(pH=4) — — — 0.002 0.95 MCFe-800(pH=6) 463.84 0.05 0.99 0.004 0.99 MCFe-800(pH=7) — — — 0.002 0.95 MCFe-800(pH=9) — — — 0.002 0.95 -
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