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磷是导致封闭或半封闭水体富营养化的关键营养盐和限制因子,故水中低浓度磷,尤其是人工湿地、反硝化滤池等尾水深度处理单元中磷的强化去除是目前的研究热点。在各种除磷方法中,吸附法已被证明是一种高选择性和易于操作的途径[1-2]。近年来,生物炭以其较大的比表面积、多孔结构、丰富的表面官能团和较低的成本等优势受到人们的关注[3-4]。由于多数生物炭表面呈电负性,阴离子交换量不高且缺少功能性基团,对磷酸根的吸附能力较弱甚至出现负吸附[5-6]。然而,通过金属改性方法可以提高生物炭对磷的吸附能力[7]。金属原子易与磷酸盐离子形成配位络合物,从而增强吸附剂对磷酸盐的吸附效果[8]。金属磷酸盐的络合强度取决于其自由结合能,并与金属性质有关[9]。一般来说,金属阳离子的价态越高,离子半径越小,改性生物炭越有利于与磷酸根离子结合。蒋旭涛等[10]用小麦秸秆制备生物炭,并用氯化铁溶液改性,铁改性后生物炭的理论最大吸附量为改性前的19.4倍。LIU等[11]利用蛋壳和稻草制备的氧化钙-生物炭复合材料,在pH为5.0~11.0内表现出优异的磷酸盐吸附能力。因此,对生物炭进行金属改性来提高生物炭吸附除磷能力是一种行之有效的方法[12]。
丰富的水生植物生长对水质净化至关重要,但湿地植物必须通过及时、定期收割才能实现水中营养物去除的强化,湿地处理技术产生的大量植株残体的减量化、无害化处置和资源化利用已成为迫切需求[13]。有研究[14-15]表明,农业废弃物衍生的生物炭吸附剂可以有效地捕获磷酸盐。与传统吸附剂相比,这种新兴的生物基吸附剂具有成本低、可再生、化学稳定和环境友好等优点[16]。本研究利用收割的湿地植物菖蒲制备生物炭,进行改性炭基质材料的优化制备,并探讨了制备材料的理化特征与吸附特性。
Fe2+改性菖蒲生物炭制备及对水中磷的吸附特性
Preparation of Fe2+ modified calamus biochar and its adsorption characteristics towards phosphorus from aqueous solutions
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摘要: 为实现湿地植物(菖蒲)的资源化利用,以NaOH进行预处理,以FeSO4为改性剂,通过热解制备了改性菖蒲生物炭(MBC),探究热解温度、改性剂浓度、添加量、溶液初始pH和共存离子对生物炭吸附磷的影响,并通过SEM-EDS、FT-IR、XRD和元素组成等手段对生物炭进行表征。结果表明,相较于未改性的菖蒲生物炭(BC),MBC对磷的吸附效果明显增强,在热解温度为673 K、改性剂浓度为1.0 mol·L−1时制得的MBC吸附除磷效果最好,磷去除率和平衡吸附容量分别为98.48%、24.62 mg·g−1。改性后,生物炭材料的亲水性和极性得到提高,总比表面积、微孔比表面积和微孔孔容大幅增加。材料表面成功负载了铁氧化合物,主要以Fe3O4和-Fe2O3晶体形式存在。MBC最佳投加量为0.2 g·L−1,其对磷酸盐的吸附行为良好符合准二级动力学模型,且Langmuir等温吸附模型能更准确的描述MBC对磷酸盐的吸附特征。MBC对污水水质pH具有较宽的适应范围并对磷酸根离子具有较强的选择吸附性。Abstract: In order to realize the resource utilization of the wetland plant(calamus), calamus biochar (MBC) was prepared with FeSO4 modifier by pyrolysis of NaOH pretreated calamus. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, modifier concentration, additive amount, initial solution pH and coexisting ions on phosphorus adsorption by biochar were investigated. Biochar was characterized by SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD and elemental composition analysis. The results showed that, compared with unmodified calamus biochar (BC), the adsorption effect of phosphorus on MBC was significantly enhanced. the MBC prepared at pyrolysis temperature of 673 K and 1.0 mol·L−1 modifier concentration had the best phosphorus removal effect, the removal rate and equilibrium adsorption capacity were 98.48% and 24.62 mg·g−1, respectively. After modification, the hydrophilicity and polarity of biochar materials increased, and the total specific surface area, specific surface area and micropore volume increased significantly. Iron oxides were successfully loaded on the surface of the material, which mainly existed in the form of Fe3O4 and -Fe2O3 crystals. The optimal dosage of MBC was 0.2 g·L−1, and the adsorption behavior of MBC was in good agreement with the pseudo-second order model. Langmuir isothermal adsorption model could more accurately describe the phosphate adsorption characteristics on MBC. MBC had a wide range of pH adaptability and strong selective adsorption to phosphate anions.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- Fe2+ modification /
- calamus /
- phosphorus /
- adsorption
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表 1 BC和MBC元素组成分析
Table 1. Element composition analysis of BC and MBC
样品 ω/% ω(H)/ω(C) ω(O)/ω(C) (ω(N)+ω(O))/
ω(C)N C H O S Fe及其他组分 BC 1.76 65.91 2.77 20.22 0.87 8.47 0.042 0.307 0.333 MBC 0.29 9.89 0.36 32.57 18.66 38.23 0.036 3.293 3.323 表 2 BC和MBC的比表面积、孔容和孔径
Table 2. Specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of BC and MBC
生物炭 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 微孔比表面积/(m2·g−1) 总孔容/(cm3·g−1) 微孔孔容/(cm3·g−1) 平均孔径/nm BC 3.825 1.718 0.017 4 0.001 0 18.17 MBC 36.327 25.204 0.117 8 0.014 4 12.97 表 3 MBC对磷的吸附动力学模型拟合参数
Table 3. Fitting parameters of phosphorus adsorption kinetics model on MBC
温度/K 准一级动力学方程 准二级动力学方程 qe/(mg·g−1) k1/min−1 R2 qe/(mg·g−1) k2/(g·(mg·min)−1) R2 288 19.75 0.031 0 0.987 5 20.97 0.041 8 0.997 1 298 23.21 0.039 6 0.970 9 24.50 0.055 2 0.996 9 308 24.14 0.049 2 0.985 4 25.31 0.071 2 0.994 8 表 4 MBC吸附磷的颗粒内扩散模型拟合参数
Table 4. Fitting parameters of intraparticle diffusion model for phosphorus adsorption on MBC
温度/K 第1阶段 第2阶段 第3阶段 kd1/(mg·(g·min1/2)−1) C1 R2 kd2/(mg·(g·min1/2)−1) C2 R2 kd3/(mg·(g·min1/2)−1) C3 R2 288 2.696 4 −2.721 7 0.981 8 0.708 7 9.010 3 0.883 2 0.067 8 18.266 0 0.972 3 298 3.214 7 −1.530 2 0.999 2 0.666 7 12.709 8 0.967 3 0.069 1 21.987 5 0.897 2 308 3.846 4 −2.322 4 0.994 9 0.497 8 16.381 2 0.902 8 0.063 5 22.861 2 0.927 2 表 5 MBC吸附等温模型拟合参数
Table 5. Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm model on MBC
温度/K Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qm/(mg·g−1) KL R2 KF 1/n R2 288 51.82 0.677 4 0.991 4 20.018 5 0.399 2 0.921 5 298 56.69 2.243 6 0.950 6 31.597 5 0.287 7 0.873 7 308 76.34 1.437 3 0.925 3 40.143 2 0.229 3 0.909 0 -
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