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氯苯(CB)是一种重要的化工原料,常通过工业泄露以及废物、废气的不合理排放等途径进入土壤和地下水环境中。由于CB难以被生物降解并具有致癌、致畸、致突变效应[1],因此,CB成为多数污染场地地下水修复的主要目标污染物[2-4]。
高级氧化技术被广泛应用于污染场地下水修复[5]。高级氧化技术主要有芬顿(Fenton)法、过硫酸盐氧化法等[6]。芬顿(Fenton)法、过硫酸盐氧化法主要通过产生羟基自由基(·OH)或硫酸根自由基(
$ \cdot {\rm{SO}}_4^ - $ )去除CB。然而两者在修复污染场地地下水中CB的污染时,会存在CB氧化不彻底而产生有害稳定中间体的问题,从而造成二次污染[7]。目前,国内外有许多关于CB高效降解和其在氧化过程中有毒中间体种类的研究。JIANG等[8]通过改性的Fe2+/PS体系降解CB,发现在氧化CB的过程中生成了2-氯苯酚、3-氯苯酚、4-氯苯酚等中间体,他们认为是·OH攻击苯环,通过亲电加成反应生成的。OUYANG等[9]以氧还原产生的H2O2降解废水中CB,发现·OH通过亲电子取代、加成反应以及键断裂等一系列作用,将CB氧化成草酸、醇、乙酸以及其他小分子有机酸。ZHANG等[10]证明了Fe2+活化过碳酸钠(2Na2CO3·3H2O2,与水混合会释放H2O2)可有效去除CB,且在氧化过程中产生2-氯苯酚、乙酸酐、乙醛酸丁酯等中间体。由上述研究可发现在运用不同高级氧化体系降解CB时,氧化体系中均生成了氯代酚类中间体,但并未对CB氧化过程中氯代酚类中间体进行定量研究。氯代酚类化合物对水生生物具有毒性,在环境中能够稳定存在,且较CB毒性更高[11-13],对环境危害更大[14-17]。《污染地块地下水修复和风险管控技术导则》(HJ 25.6-2019)中明确指出修复后的地下水检测指标应关注二次污染物。在实际CB污染场地下水的修复时,即使CB已达到污染场地地下水的修复目标值,仍需对氯代酚类中间体浓度进行监测,防止氯代酚类中间体引发地下水的二次污染。因此,运用高级氧化技术进行CB污染物降解时,研究其氧化过程中稳定氯代酚类中间体的产生量对于污染场地地下水的修复效果评估具有重要意义。
基于此,本研究选用地下水修复项目中常用的芬顿(Fe2+/H2O2)、亚铁离子活化过硫酸钠(Fe2+/PS)和碱活化过硫酸钠(NaOH/PS) 3种高级氧化体系降解CB。在氧化过程中,发现了毒性强的稳定中间体对氯苯酚(4-CP)的产生,并使用GC-MS对其进行了定量分析,进而探究了3种氧化体系中氧化剂的用量对降解CB和去除4-CP的影响。此外,通过自由基捕获实验、氯离子(Cl−)浓度的变化、总有机碳(TOC)来分析3种氧化体系降解CB的机制,并对实际污染地下水修复工法的优化进行了验证实验。
3种高级氧化体系处理氯苯及其稳定中间体
Treatment of chlorobenzene and its stable intermediate by three advanced oxidation systems
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摘要: 在运用芬顿(Fe2+/H2O2)、亚铁离子活化过硫酸钠(Fe2+/PS)和碱活化过硫酸钠(NaOH/PS) 3种氧化体系处理典型污染物氯苯(CB)时,发现了3种氧化体系在氧化CB过程中对氯苯酚中间体(4-CP)产生量存在较大差异。探究了氧化剂用量对3种氧化体系降解CB及中间体4-CP的影响,通过总有机碳和游离氯离子浓度变化表征了CB的矿化情况。结果表明,当H2O2、PS浓度分别小于1 mmol·L−1和5 mmol·L−1时,在Fe2+/H2O2、Fe2+/PS氧化体系中在降解CB时产生了大量稳定的4-CP中间体,而当H2O2、PS过量时,4-CP可被继续氧化分解。与Fe2+/H2O2、Fe2+/PS不同,NaOH/PS体系始终不产生4-CP中间体。与Fe2+/PS体系氧化过程不同,NaOH/PS、Fe2+/H2O2体系在氧化CB过程中会发生脱氯反应。此外,实际污染场地地下水验证实验结果表明,在修复过程中,宜采用NaOH/PS来去除CB污染物,且以分批次添加PS,逐级氧化CB的方式,从而实现高效的CB污染物降解效率,同时避免有害中间体4-CP的产生。Abstract: Using the three oxidation systems including Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2), ferrous ion activated sodium persulfate (Fe2+/PS) and alkali activated sodium persulfate (NaOH/PS) to treat the typical pollutant chlorobenzene (CB), we found there were big differences in the amount of p-chlorophenol intermediate (4-CP) produced during the oxidation of CB by the three oxidation systems. The effect of the oxidant dosage on the degradation of CB and its intermediate 4-CP by three oxidation systems was studied, and CB mineralization was characterized by the changes of the total organic carbon and free chloride concentration. The results showed that lots of stable 4-CP intermediates were produced in the oxidation systems of Fe2+/H2O2 or Fe2+/PS when the concentrations of H2O2 or PS were less than 1 mmol·L−1 and 5 mmol·L−1, respectively. While at the overdoses of H2O2 or PS, 4-CP could be further oxidized and decomposed. Being different from Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/PS systems, NaOH/PS system oxidation did not lead to the yield of 4-CP intermediate. Being different from the oxidation process of Fe2+/PS system, the dechlorination reaction occurred during CB oxidation by NaOH/PS and Fe2+/H2O2 systems. In addition, the verification experiment of groundwater in the actual contaminated site showed that NaOH/PS was suitable for CB removal in the remediation process, and PS addition in batches for stepwise oxidation CB could achieve a high degradation efficiency of CB pollutants and avoid the generation of harmful intermediate of 4-CP.
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Key words:
- groundwater in contaminated sites /
- advanced oxidation /
- chlorobenzene /
- p-chlorophenol
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表 1 3种体系降解实验设计
Table 1. Degradation experimental design of three systems
反应体系 活化剂与氧化剂摩尔比 氧化剂与CB摩尔比 取样时间 Fe2+/H2O2 0.15 0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0、2.0 0、20、40、60、120、180、240、300、360、420 min Fe2+/PS 0.25 0.2、0.4、0.8、5.0、10 0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7 d NaOH/PS 3.00 0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10、20 0、1、2、4、6、8、10、12、14 d 表 2 实际与模拟废水的参数比较
Table 2. Comparison of actual and simulated wastewater parameters
检测样品 CB浓度/(mg·L−1) COD/(mg·L−1) pH 实验CB溶液 154.9 10.0 5.32 实际污染地下水 154.9 700 5.54 -
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