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焦化厂、树脂厂、制药厂、塑料厂、合成纤维厂等企业在其生产过程中会排放大量生物降解性差、毒性高的苯酚废水。若不对所排放的苯酚废水进行有效处理而流入自然水体,即使自然水体中含有微量苯酚也可对环境及人体健康造成极大威胁。当水体中苯酚浓度超过10 mg·L−1就会导致鱼类死亡。用其灌溉农田就会使农作物枯死[1]。若人类长期接触含酚废水也会造成皮肤灼伤,甚至引发神经系统疾病及癌症[2]。因此,《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)[3]中强制要求将废水排放的苯酚浓度限制在0.5 mg·L−1以下。由于苯环具有高稳定性,难以采用常规生化降解方法来有效处理高浓度苯酚类废水。因此,如何高效,低成本处理苯酚类废水是当今亟待需要解决的问题之一。
目前苯酚废水常用处理方法有:萃取法、活性炭吸附法、活性淤泥法及混凝沉淀法等。这些方法处理苯酚废水存在处理效率低,处理不彻底且易形成二次污染等问题,无法满足当今越来越高的环保需求[4]。然而,作为一种新型水处理工艺,电化学高级氧化工艺(electrochemical advanced oxidation process, EAOPs)可解决难生化降解有机废水的处理难题。EAOPs是利用电极直接或间接氧化生成羟基自由基、活性氯等强氧化性物质,甚至直接电子转移来降解废水中的有机物,具有降解效率高、操作条件温和、氧化彻底、自动化程度高等优点[5],现已被广泛用于难生化降解有机废水预处理以及深度处理领域。EAOPs涉及的主要降解方法包括:阳极氧化(anode oxidation, AO),电芬顿技术(electro-fenton, EF),光电芬顿(photoelectro-fenton, PEF),超声电解(sono-electrolysis, SE)等。
采用EAOPs技术处理有机废水需要消耗大量电能,导致废水处理费用高昂。然而,许多企业在其生产过程中不仅排出大量难生化降解有机废水,而且还排出大量低品位热能。如果能利用企业生产过程所排出的废热来处理废水,不仅可大大降低废水处理成本,也可大幅降低企业能源消耗。为此,我们提出了一种“废热治理废水”的创新技术[6-9]。即,通过热分离方法先将热能转换成工作溶液浓差(化学势)能,然后利用逆电渗析反应器(reverse electro-dialysis reactor, REDR)将工作溶液浓差能转换成有机物降解能。由于溶液热分离技术相对较为成熟,并在实践中得到广泛应用[10-12]。而采用REDR将溶液浓差能转换成有机物的降解能的研究却非常少,公开发表的文献极少[13-18]。因此,本研究工作仅对溶液浓差能驱动的REDR处理难生化降解有机废水进行探讨,不涉及低品位热能转换成溶液浓差能过程。
有关溶液浓差能驱动的REDR处理有机或无机废水的研究,最先是由D'ANGELO[13]在其博士研究工作期间提出的,作者采用REDR对废水中的偶氮染料氧化降解和电镀废水中六价铬的脱毒方面进行了研究[14-17]。ZHOU等[18]采用REDR对废水中氨氮物的降解进行了研究,但仅利用了REDR阳极氧化反应所生产的HClO来降解废水中的氨氮。徐士鸣等[7-9]为了验证REDR阴/阳极氧化降解有机废水的工作机理,分别对REDR阴/阳极独立降解和阴/阳极联合降解偶氮染料(酸性橙Ⅱ)模拟废水进行了实验研究。结果表明,REDR阴/阳极处的还原/氧化反应均能降解废水中的有机物且具有较高的降解率[7]。但也发现采用REDR阴/阳极联合降解有机废水时,其阴/阳极生成物容易相互干扰,从而降低了偶氮染料废水的降解速率[8-9]。
到目前为止,国内外对由溶液浓差能驱动的REDR处理各类有机或无机废水的文献报道极少,尚未发现利用该技术处理苯酚类废水的研究。对于该方式是否可广泛且高效处理各类难生化降解有机废水仍缺乏大量的实验依据。另外,与外电源驱动的EAOPs相比,REDR属于内生电源。工作溶液操作参数及电极液(废水)参数变化对其输出(降解)特性有很大影响。因此,本研究利用溶液浓差能驱动的REDR对有机废水中的苯酚降解情况进行了研究,考察了各操作参数变化对REDR阴/阳极苯酚降解过程的影响规律。其目的是为了拓展REDR在水处理技术中的应用,为后续“废热治理废水”热力循环研究奠定基础。
溶液浓差能驱动的REDR阴/阳极独立环路降解废水中的苯酚
Degradation of phenol in wastewater by the cathodic and anodic independent loops of REDR powered by concentration gradient energy
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摘要: 逆电渗析反应器(REDR)可将工作溶液的浓差能转换为有机物降解能。为了验证这一能量转换过程,对由溶液浓差能驱动的REDR阴/阳极独立环路降解废水中苯酚的情况进行了研究。采用单因素分析法,探讨了REDR阴/阳电极独立环路内模拟苯酚废水组分及操作参数变化对苯酚降解率的影响。结果表明,REDR阴/阳极各环路均可有效降解废水中的苯酚。在实验设定的组分浓度和操作参数范围内,REDR输出电流密度为20 A·m−2,且在各环路内废水组分浓度和操作参数达到最优降解条件时,对于浓度为50 mg·L−1,总量各为500 mL的模拟苯酚废水,经80 min降解后,阴极和阳极环路内废水中的苯酚降解率分别达到98.1%和100%。Abstract: Reverse electrodialysis reactor (REDR) can convert the concentration gradient energy of the working fluids into the degradation energy of organic matters in wastewater. In order to verify this energy conversion process, the experiments on the degradation of phenol wastewater in the cathodic and anodic independent loops of REDR powered by concentration gradient energy were conducted. The single-factor analysis was adopted to evaluate the effects of changes in the components of simulated wastewater and operating parameters on phenol degradation. The results indicated that each cathodic and anodic independent loop of REDR could effectively degrade the phenol in the simulated wastewater. Within the ranges of imposed component concentration and operational parameters, at the REDR output current density of 20 A·m−2, the optimum component concentration in simulated wastewater and the operating parameters, the maximum phenol removal rates in each degradation loop could reached 98.1% and 100% after 80 minute-oxidation reaction in 500 mL of 50 mg·L−1 phenol simulated wastewater, respectively.
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Key words:
- reverse electrodialysis /
- phenol wastewater /
- degradation efficiency
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表 1 实验系统测试与运行设备名称、生产厂家、型号及精度
Table 1. Specification and characteristics of test instruments used in the experimental system
实验仪器 厂家 型号 精度 电化学工作站 美国CH仪器公司 CHI660E — 工作溶液泵 英国兰格公司 BT100-2J 0.1 r·min−1 电子天平 中国G&G测量公司 JJ1023BC ± 0.001 g 紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司 Shimadzu UV1780 ± 0.002 pH仪 上海雷磁仪器有限公司 PXSJ-226 0.001pH 空气泵 森森集团 CT-201 — 电极泵 卡默尔 — — 数字万用表 美国泰克公司 Keithley 2110-220 ± 0.012% DV 表 2 实验过程REDR阴/阳电极液配制参数及REDR操作参数
Table 2. Variation ranges of the electrode rinse solution (ERS) parameters
电极液 苯酚/
(mg·L−1)配制量/
mLNaCl/
(mol·L−1)Na2SO4/
(mmol·L−1)FeSO4/
(mmol·L−1)pH 电极液流率/
(mL·min−1)曝气量/
(mL·min−1)电流密度/
(A·m−2)阳极 50 500 0~0.4 — — 10 32~128 — 5~20 阴极 50 500 — 0.1 0~2.5 2~4 32~128 0~1 000 5~20 -
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