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慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是全球性常见疾病之一。大多数CKD患者都是缘于已知疾病,但在各国仍有3%~50%的CKD患者发病原因不明[1]。发病原因未知致使这些患者无法得到有效的治疗,进而发展为尿毒症。这部分病症称为不明原因慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, CKDu)。最早报道的CKDu来自1956年欧洲巴尔干地区的多瑙河流域。该地区CKDu主要患病人群是成年人。患者会出现贫血、手掌及脚掌黄染,但并无高血压及蛋白尿等慢性肾病常见的病因及症状,肾功能衰竭进展缓慢[2]。此后,多个位于赤道附近的国家相继报道了大量CKDu病例,这些国家大都为农业型国家。目前,CKDu的确切病因和发病机制已成为亟待解决的全球性科学难题,困扰着这些国家的人民和全球的科学家。
斯里兰卡的CKDu于20世纪90年代中期在旱区的北中省(North Central Province,NCP)首次被发现,已成为当地最严重的公共卫生问题。受该病影响的地区占斯里兰卡陆地面积的1/3,人群标化患病率最高达15.1%~22.9%[3-4]。CKDu最大的特点是罹患人群主要为低收入中青年男性。他们患病并非由糖尿病、高血压和肾小球肾炎等常见病因所致,且在初期无明显临床症状,后期会快速发展为终末期肾衰阶段,进而丧失劳动能力。当地每年约有2万例肾衰竭患者入院/再入院,其中约有2 000例死亡病例,累计死亡病例约5万[5],严重影响了当地的农业劳动人口。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)2012年的数据显示,包括CKDu在内的肾脏病排在该国成人死因的第7位。近年来,CKDu有从中部旱区向周边地区蔓延的趋势。病人病程进展快,透析率和致死率高,治疗费用给患者家庭和卫生机构带来沉重负担。CKDu的暴发已成为影响斯里兰卡社会安定的民生问题,并上升为几届政府都希望解决的政治议题,受到国际社会高度关注。
斯里兰卡是“一带一路”沿线重要节点国家。“慢性肾病追因研究”已列入了中斯两国政府于2016年4月发布的《中国-斯里兰卡联合声明》。对于斯里兰卡的CKDu问题,全球医学、环境和卫生专家组近年来多次赴斯里兰卡开展追因研究,对相关问题已取得了初步认识。本文对现有文献报道进行梳理总结,系统回顾CKDu的国际研究进展,分析即有研究中亟待解决的核心问题,阐明中国科学院-发展中国家科学院水与环境卓越中心(CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence for Water and Environment, CEWE)团队追因工作的主要布局和初步成果,为中方更多力量进一步开展CKDu追因研究提供参考。
斯里兰卡不明原因肾病追因研究与中斯相关科技合作进展
International research progress and China-Sri Lanka cooperation on the etiology of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka
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摘要: 不明原因慢性肾病(CKDu)在斯里兰卡已造成25万患病及死亡案例,是该国最为重要的公共卫生问题之一。世界卫生组织(WHO)等机构对斯里兰卡CKDu的病因展开了研究,提出多种假说,但已有研究表明单一因素无法完整呈现斯里兰卡CKDu的致病原因。CKDu可能是多种危险因素的共同促发或多种致病因素协同作用引起的,在临床和病理上都很相似的一类疾病,而各危险因素与疾病之间的关联尚未明确。CKDu追因研究应在全面系统评估人群危险因素暴露水平、明确环境因子的作用途径、对现有病因假说进行大规模干预验证等3方面继续开展。中国科学院水与环境卓越中心组建了一支跨部门多学科的研究团队,围绕斯里兰卡CKDu的病因以及防控措施展开研究,确立了以改水为核心的追因研究框架。现已建成多个饮用水处理设施,未来将通过开展病例对照研究和大规模人群干预验证研究,以期解答多因子协同作用致病的核心科学问题,支持斯里兰卡早日摆脱疾病威胁,并在环境与健康领域积极探索多部门联合解决国际重大民生问题的协作模式。Abstract: Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has resulted in approximately 250 000 illnesses and deaths in Sri Lanka and has become the country's most important public health problem. To date, scientists from the World Health Organization and other intentional research institutions have provided numeral hypotheses to the cause of CKDu. Despite being so, these studies reflected that it is difficult to clarity the true etiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka based on the existing one-factor-a-time based investigations. In fact, CKDu could potentially be a type of disease with similar clinical and pathological manifestations attributed to the synergic effect of multiple risk factors. However, there is no clear conclusion to support this emerging hypothesis. To address this challenge, research efforts should be devoted to holistically estimating the population exposure level from high risk factors, determining the cause-effect mechanisms of environmental variables, and performing large-scale intervention validation of existing hypotheses to the cause of CKDu, among others. Accordingly, the CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence for Water and Environment has assembled a multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral expert team to tackle this very challenge. In summary, the expert team has focused on research in relation to the etiology of CKDu and feasible intervention strategies to the problem, and thereby establishing a refined research scheme with decontamination of source water at the core. At present, the expert team has helped the local utilities to established several drinking water treatment facilities, and in the future, the team will carry out other research based on China-Sri Lanka cooperation to conduct multicenter case-control studies, as well as large-scale intervention verifications on the mechanisms and prevention strategies of CKDu in Sri Lanka, with the aim of solving the core scientific problems of multi-factor synergy pathogenic disease, supporting Sri Lanka to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and meanwhile, exploring a new paradigm to engaging multiple sectors toward truly dealing with grand livelihood challenges in the field of environmental and human health.
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Key words:
- chronic kidney disease of unknown (CKDu) /
- etiology /
- heavy metals /
- pesticides /
- drinking water
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表 1 斯里兰卡CKDu成因的主要假设
Table 1. Assumptions about etiology of CKDu in Sri Lanka
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