厦门大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价
Characteristic of elements in PM2.5 and health risk assessment of heavy metals at Xiamen
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摘要: 通过在厦门市鼓浪屿、洪文和湖里进行冬夏两季的PM2.5环境样品采集，利用能量色散X射线荧光分析仪分析了其中16种元素（Al、Si、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba和Pb）的浓度，对其时空变化特征和重金属的健康风险评价进行了研究.结果表明，Al、Si、Ca、Ti和Fe等地壳元素浓度较高，其浓度值冬高夏低.受区域功能和排放影响，所测元素浓度湖里点最高（2.12 μg·m-3），鼓浪屿最低（1.15 μg·m-3）.富集因子计算结果表明，地壳元素中Ca富集因子为43，与建材类物质输入有关.受工业排放、机动车和船舶排放影响，重金属元素富集因子普遍高于100，特别是Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Sb的富集因子高达103-104.PMF源解析结果表明，厦门PM2.5中元素来自于地壳源、机动车源、工业源、船舶源和燃煤源.重金属元素的暴露剂量、非致癌风险和致癌风险等计算结果显示，Zn暴露剂量最大（儿童：1.23×10-7 mg·（kg·d）-1，成人：0.53×10-7 mg·（kg·d）-1），Mn非致癌暴露风险最高（儿童：1.20×10-3，成人：5.18×10-4），Cr致癌暴露风险最高（儿童：1.80×10-7，成人：7.76×10-8）.相应的暴露风险为冬高夏低，湖里点最高，鼓浪屿最低.总体来看，重金属的非致癌暴露风险和致癌暴露风险均远小于判断标准，表明厦门PM2.5中重金属元素不存在明显的非致癌和致癌健康风险.Abstract: In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution of elements and assess the health risk of trace elements, PM2.5 samples were collected at three sites (Gulangyu, Hongwen and Huli) in Xiamen during winter and summer. sixteen elements (Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba and Pb) were analyzed by ED-XRF. The results indicate that crustal elements including Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Fe were the main components with higher values in winter and lower values in summer. Due to the regional function and emissions, the highest elemental concentration appeared at Huli site (2.12 μg·m-3), and the lowest elemental concentration was found at Gulangyu site (1.15 μg·m-3). By calculating the EF (enrichment factors) values, the crustal element Ca had a high EF value (43), which may be caused by the input of building materials. Due to the emissions from industry, vehicles and ships, EF values of heavy metal elements were far greater than 100, especially the EF values of Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn and Sb were high as 103-104. Calculated by the PMF model, main sources of elements including crustal material, industry emissions, vehicle emissions and coal burning were ideritified. The results of health risk assessment show that Zn had the largest exposure dose(children:1.23×10-7 mg·(kg·d)-1;adults:0.53×10-7 mg·(kg·d)-1), Mn had the highest non-carcinogenic risk (children:1.20×10-3;adults:5.18×10-4). And Cd (children:1.80×10-7; adults:7.76×10-8)had the highest carcinogenic risk. Meanwhile, exposure risk are higher in winter and lower in summer. The Huli site has the greatest exposure risk lowest at Gulangyu. However, the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk are much lower than the hazards index value. It is suggested that there is no obvious non-carcinogenic risk nor carcinogenic risk in Xiamen currently by heavy metal elements pollution.
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Key words:
- PM2.5 /
- heavy metal elements /
- EF (enrichment factors) /
- health risk assessment /
- Xiamen
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