成都市地表水中三氯生和避蚊胺的浓度分析及生态风险
Concentration Analysis and Ecological Risk of Triclosan and Diethyltoluamide in Surface Water of Chengdu, China
-
摘要: 为探究成都市地表水中三氯生和避蚊胺的浓度水平和潜在的生态风险，在2017年5月采集并分析了成都市主城区和都江堰地区水体中共20个样品。使用固相萃取富集，N-（特丁基二甲基硅）-N-甲基三氟乙酰胺衍生化，气相色谱质谱法测定了三氯生、甲基三氯生和避蚊胺在成都市地表水中的浓度。搜集并筛选出三氯生和避蚊胺对淡水生物的慢性毒性数据，构建了基于对数正态分布模型的物种敏感度（species sensitivity distribution，SSD）曲线，并利用风险商和联合概率曲线法对成都市地表水中的三氯生和避蚊胺进行多层次生态风险评价。浓度水平结果显示，三氯生和避蚊胺在所有有效样品中均有检出。三氯生在主城区河道的浓度水平（13～77.2 ng·L-1）高于都江堰地区（0.7～4.95 ng·L-1）。类似地，避蚊胺在主城区河道采样点中的浓度水平（17.0～103.1 ng·L-1）高于都江堰地区（0.7～16.2 ng·L-1）。所有样点均未检出甲基三氯生。生态风险评价结果显示，以种群、行为和生物化学指标为测试终点的慢性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度（predicted no effect concentration，PNEC）分别为22.8 ng·L-1（三氯生）和25.7 ng·L-1（避蚊胺）。三氯生和避蚊胺在都江堰上游风险商<1，主城区风险商<4。成都市地表水中，三氯生对1%~5%的水生生物造成慢性毒性影响的概率为82.72%~26.89%，避蚊胺对1%~5%的水生生物造成慢性毒性影响的概率为67.25%~2.529%。2种目标物的浓度与电导率、溶解氧等水质参数之间存在显著的相关性。Abstract: In order to investigate the concentration level and the potential ecological risk of triclosan and diethyltoluamide (DEET) in surface water of Chengdu, 20 water samples were collected from the rivers in urban area of Chengdu and Dujiangyan, which were further pretreated and analyzed in May, 2017. Solid-phase extraction technique was used to extract and purify samples, and N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was used as the derivatization reagent of triclosan. The concentrations of triclosan and DEET were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chronic ecotoxicity data of triclosan and DEET for the freshwater organisms were collected and selected, and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were constructed based on lognormal distribution model. The multiple-level ecological risk assessment of triclosan and DEET to the surface water of Chengdu City was processed using harzard quotient (HQ) and joint probability curve. The results showed that triclosan and DEET existed in all the effective samples. The concentrations of triclosan in the river of Chengdu urban area (13~77.2 ng·L-1) was higher than that in the Dujiangyan District (0.7~4.95 ng·L-1). Similarly, the concentrations of DEET in the urban area (17.0~103.1 ng·L-1) were higher than that in the Dujiangyan District (0.7~16.2 ng·L-1). Methyl triclosan was not detected in any sampling sites. Results of risk assessment showed that the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs), which derived from chronic toxicity data which were based on the endpoints of population, behavior and biochemistry, were 22.8 ng·L-1 for triclosan and 25.7 ng·L-1 for DEET, respectively. The hazard quotients (HQs) for triclosan and DEET were less than 1 in the river upstream of Dujiangyan District, while the HQs were less than 4 in the river of main urban area. The probability of triclosan causing chronic toxicity to 1%~5% aquatic organisms was 82.72%~26.89%. The probability of DEET causing chronic toxicity to 1%~5% aquatic organisms was 67.25%~2.529%. Significant correlations existed between concentrations of two targets and the water quality parameters including conductivity and dissolved oxygen, were observed.
-
Key words:
- triclosan /
- diethyltoluamide /
- personal care products /
- urban surface water /
- ecological risk /
- Chengdu
-
-
Wang Q, Kelly B C. Occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks, triclosan and methyl triclosan in a tropical urban catchment:Influence of land-use proximity, rainfall and physicochemical properties[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 574:1439-1447 Zhang Q Q, Ying G G, Chen Z F, et al. Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2015, 22(13):10130-10143 Chen Z F, Ying G G, Liu Y S, et al. Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides:An investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region[J]. Water Research, 2014, 58:269-279 Wu J L, Lam N P, Martens D, et al. Triclosan determination in water related to wastewater treatment[J]. Talanta, 2007, 72(5):1650-1654 Peng X Z, Yu Y Y, Tang C M, et al. Occurrence of steroid estrogens, endocrine-disrupting phenols, and acid pharmaceutical residues in urban riverine water of the Pearl River Delta, South China[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2008, 397(1-3):158-166 Peng F J, Pan C G, Zhang M, et al. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of emerging organic chemicals in urban rivers:Guangzhou as a case study in China[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 589:46-55 Raut S A, Angus R A. Triclosan has endocrine-disrupting effects in male western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2010, 29(6):1287-1291 Su C, Cui Y, Liu D, et al. Endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the aquatic environment of China:Which chemicals are the prioritized ones?[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 720:137652 Montes R, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, et al. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction applied to the simultaneous derivatization and concentration of triclosan and methyltriclosan in water samples[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2009, 1216(2):205-210 Ferrey M L, Hamilton M C, Backe W J, et al. Pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic chemicals in atmospheric particulates and precipitation[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 612:1488-1497 Merel S, Snyder S A. Critical assessment of the ubiquitous occurrence and fate of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in water[J]. Environment International, 2016, 96:98-117 Merel S, Nikiforov A I, Snyder S A. Potential analytical interferences and seasonal variability in diethyltoluamide environmental monitoring programs[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 127:238-245 Corbel V, Stankiewicz M, Pennetier C, et al. Evidence for inhibition of cholinesterases in insect and mammalian nervous systems by the insect repellent deet[J]. BMC Biology, 2009, 7:47 冯永亮. 基于物种敏感度分布的概率生态风险评价的Matlab实现[J]. 唐山学院学报, 2020, 33(6):18-23 , 36 Feng Y L. The realization of probabilistic ecological risk assessment based on species sensitivity distribution by Matlab[J]. Journal of Tangshan University, 2020, 33(6):18-23, 36(in Chinese)
Kantiani L, Farré M, Asperger D, et al. Triclosan and methyl-triclosan monitoring study in the northeast of Spain using a magnetic particle enzyme immunoassay and confirmatory analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 361(1-2):1-9 Chau W C, Wu J L, Cai Z W. Investigation of levels and fate of triclosan in environmental waters from the analysis of gas chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry[J]. Chemosphere, 2008, 73(1):S13-S17 Liu N, Jin X W, Feng C L, et al. Ecological risk assessment of fifty pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Chinese surface waters:A proposed multiple-level system[J]. Environment International, 2020, 136:105454 Dai G H, Wang B, Huang J, et al. Occurrence and source apportionment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the Beiyun River of Beijing, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 119:1033-1039 Ma R X, Wang B, Lu S Y, et al. Characterization of pharmaceutically active compounds in Dongting Lake, China:Occurrence, chiral profiling and environmental risk[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 557-558:268-275 Zhu S C, Chen H, Li J N. Sources, distribution and potential risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Qingshan Lake Basin, Eastern China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2013, 96:154-159 Proia L, Vilches C, Boninneau C, et al. Drought episode modulates the response of river biofilms to triclosan[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2013, 127:36-45 Smith G R, Burgett A A. Effects of three organic wastewater contaminants on American toad, Bufo americanus, tadpoles[J]. Ecotoxicology, 2005, 14(4):477-482 Orvos D R, Versteeg D J, Inauen J, et al. Aquatic toxicity of triclosan[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2002, 21(7):1338-1349 Cho E A. Bioturbation as a novel method to characterize the toxicity of aquatic sediment[D]. Raleigh:North Carolina State University, 2005:103-104 Martínez-Paz P, Morales M, Martínez-Guitarte J L, et al. Genotoxic effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius evaluated using the comet assay[J]. Mutation Research Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2013, 758(1-2):41-47 Wilson B A, Smith V H, deNoyelles F Jr, et al. Effects of three pharmaceutical and personal care products on natural freshwater algal assemblages[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(9):1713-1719 Ciniglia C, Cascone C, Giudice R L, et al. Application of methods for assessing the geno- and cytotoxicity of triclosan to C. ehrenbergii[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2005, 122(3):227-232 Huang S S, Benskin J P, Chandramouli B, et al. Xenobiotics produce distinct metabolomic responses in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio)[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(12):6526-6535 Flaherty C M, Dodson S I. Effects of pharmaceuticals on Daphnia survival, growth, and reproduction[J]. Chemosphere, 2005, 61(2):200-207 Parolini M, Pedriali A, Binelli A. Application of a biomarker response index for ranking the toxicity of five pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) to the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2013, 64(3):439-447 DeLorenzo M E, Fleming J. Individual and mixture effects of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008, 54(2):203-210 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database[DB/OL]. (2019-07-23)[2019-07-24]. https://ecotox.ipmcenters.org/ Fraker S L, Smith G R. Direct and interactive effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of organic wastewater contaminants on Rana pipiens tadpoles[J]. Environmental Toxicology, 2004, 19(3):250-256 Ishibashi H, Matsumura N, Hirano M, et al. Effects of triclosan on the early life stages and reproduction of medaka Oryzias latipes and induction of hepatic vitellogenin[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2004, 67(2):167-179 Schultz M M, Bartell S E, Schoenfuss H L. Effects of triclosan and triclocarban, two ubiquitous environmental contaminants, on anatomy, physiology, and behavior of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2012, 63(1):114-124 Martinez Gomez D A. A survey of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a binational river and their effects on a member of its zooplankton community, Plationus patulus (Rotifera)[D]. El Paso:University of Texas at El Paso, 2012:72 Yang L H, Ying G G, Su H C, et al. Growth-inhibiting effects of 12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2008, 27(5):1201-1208 Matsumura N, Ishibashi H, Hirano M, et al. Effects of nonylphenol and triclosan on production of plasma vitellogenin and testosterone in male South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)[J]. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2005, 28(9):1748-1751 Campos D, Gravato C, Quintaneiro C, et al. Responses of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius to DEET exposure[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2016, 172:80-85 von Elert E, Preuss K, Fink P. Infodisruption of inducible anti-predator defenses through commercial insect repellents?[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 210:18-26 Zenobio J E, Sanchez B C, Archuleta L C, et al. Effects of triclocarban, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, and a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2014, 33(4):910-919 You L H, Nguyen V T, Pal A, et al. Investigation of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting chemicals in a tropical urban catchment and the influence of environmental factors[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 536:955-963 -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 1964
- HTML全文浏览数: 1964
- PDF下载数: 65
- 施引文献: 0
下载:
