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黄铁矿作为地球上含量最丰富的天然硫化矿物之一,广泛分布于地壳与沉积物之中[1-3]。环境中的黄铁矿容易被氧化溶出铁离子而发生异相Fenton反应[4],且黄铁矿的半导体特性使其在自然光条件能产生光电响应[5]。因此,来源广、成本低的黄铁矿已被尝试用于处理难降解的抗生素废水[6],其中黄铁矿的Fenton法[7]和电化学法[8-9]降解抗生素的效果优良。虽然Fenton及电化学法反应速度快,但Fenton法对pH和H2O2的要求及大量含铁污泥的产生限制了其应用。而电化学法则存在传质效率有限,催化剂电腐蚀严重等问题[10]。
作为一种天然半导体材料,黄铁矿较窄的带隙有利于黄铁矿充分利用自然光,产生·OH等具有强氧化性的活性物种降解污染物[11],从而大幅降低了光催化降解技术中光催化材料普遍要求的紫外光源所产生的处理成本。黄铁矿的半导体特性和Fenton效应使其在等离子体降解技术中也有着很好的发展潜力。等离子体装置放电过程会产生高能电子(e−*),并伴随有光能的释放[12]。同时,等离子体辐射会产生大量的H2O2、O3、·OH等活性氧化物种。单一的等离子体放电过程中,光能不能被充分利用,生成的H2O2和O3不能被高效转化成高氧化性的·OH。当黄铁矿作为催化剂和等离子耦合时,黄铁矿半导体特性可以促进其充分吸收等离子体所释放的光能进行光催化反应。同时,黄铁矿中释放的Fe2+/Fe3+及其pH自调节能力,能够利用等离子体产生的H2O2促成Fenton反应的发生[13]。与天然黄铁矿的Fenton法和电化学方法相比,同时利用黄铁矿的半导体特征和Fenton特性的光催化技术和黄铁矿耦合等离子体技术的相关研究机制探讨还不充分,综合对比分析两者处理抗生素废水的降解效果、机制及产物的研究还比较缺乏。
因此,本研究以广泛存在于地壳中的天然半导体材料黄铁矿为催化剂,以畜牧养殖业中大量使用的难降解兽用抗生素泰乐霉素(tylosin tartrate,TYL)为模型污染物,采用等离子体技术和光催化技术分别对其进行了降解,对比分析了2种技术的降解效果、降解机制、降解产物、适用条件和经济成本。本研究结果以期为难降解的抗生素类污染物的处理提供参考。
黄铁矿的光催化及其辉光放电等离子体催化降解水体中泰乐霉素的性能对比
Comparison on the performance of tylosin tartrate degradation by photocatalysis and glow discharge plasma catalysis of pyrite
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摘要: 黄铁矿的异相Fenton和半导体特性使其具有良好的污染物降解潜力。基于黄铁矿的光催化技术和辉光放电等离子体技术可以同时利用这2种特性。但目前仍缺乏对这2种技术降解抗生素废水的对比研究。因此,考察了黄铁矿参与的2种高级氧化技术(AOP)对泰乐霉素(tylosin tartrate,TYL)的降解效果、机制、产物、适用条件和经济成本。结果表明,2种技术在pH=3~11内对TYL均有稳定的降解性能。黄铁矿光催化技术对TYL的降解效率(99%)要明显高于黄铁矿耦合等离子技术(56.33%),但其矿化效果却低于等离子技术。2种反应体系中的·OH、h+、·O2−以及e−均参与到TYL的降解中。其中,在黄铁矿光催化体系中·OH、h+和·O2−是TYL降解的主要活性物种。活性物种主要通过光催化与Fenton反应生成。而在黄铁矿耦合等离子体体系中,e−在TYL降解中发挥的作用则更为突出。与黄铁矿光催化相比,黄铁矿耦合等离子体中e−*的产生为TYL的降解提供了更多的活性物种。2种催化降解技术对TYL的降解过程相似。TYL经过水解、C-O键断裂、去羟基、去甲基、C=O、C-N断裂、开环后最终被矿化为H2O和CO2。在相同实验条件下,黄铁矿耦合等离子体技术对TYL的处理效能要优于光催化技术。以上研究结果有助于更好地理解黄铁矿参与的高级氧化技术对污染物的降解机理,并为难降解的抗生素类污染物的处理提供参考。Abstract: Pyrite shows an excellent contamination degrading ability due to its heterogeneous Fenton and semiconductor properties, which could be used by pyrite-based photocatalysis and glow discharge plasma technology. However, a comprehensive comparison of these two technologies for the degradation of antibiotic wastewater is still limited. Therefore, two kinds of advanced oxidation techniques (AOPs) based on pyrite were studied to investigate the efficiency, mechanisms, products, application conditions and economic costs of tylosin tartrate (TYL) degradation. The results showed that both techniques exhibited a stable TYL degradation performance within pH 3~11. Pyrite-based photocatalysis had a significantly higher degradation efficiency for TYL (99%) than pyrite-based plasma technology (56.33%), but the mineralization efficiency of the former was lower than that of the latter. The ·OH, h+, ·O2− as well as e− in both reaction systems took part in the degradation of TYL. Yet ·OH, h+ and ·O2− were the main active species in the pyrite photocatalytic system for TYL degradation. Of which, in pyrite-based photocatalysis system, ·OH、h+ and ·O2− were the active species for TYL degradation, they were mainly produced through photocatalytic and Fenton reactions. In the pyrite-based plasma system, e− played a more prominent role in the degradation of TYL. The production of e−* in the pyrite-based plasma system provided more active species for the degradation of TYL than in photocatalysis. The degradation process of TYL was similar in the two catalytic degradation techniques. TYL was mineralized to H2O and CO2 lastly through hydrolysis, breakage of C-O bond, de-hydroxylation, de-methylation, breakage of C=O, C-N and ring opening. Under the same experimental conditions, the pyrite-based plasma technique was more effective than photocatalysis for the degradation of TYL. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms involved in the degradation of pollutants by advanced oxidation techniques based on pyrite. And it provides a theoretical reference for the treatment of refractory antibiotic contaminants.
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Key words:
- pyrite /
- tylosin tartrate /
- photocatalytic technology /
- plasma
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表 1 LC-MS梯度洗脱程序
Table 1. LC-MS gradient elution procedure
时间/min A/% B/% C/% 0.0 70 10 20 6.0 0 20 80 8.0 0 5 95 10.0 0 20 80 12.0 0 80 20 18.0 70 10 20 -
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