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近年来,水生植物(如水葫芦、浮萍、香蒲、芦苇、苦草等)在水环境污染治理领域得到了广泛的研究与应用[1-4]。其中,浮萍是浮萍科(Lemnaceae)植物的统称,具有生长快、营养价值高、用途广泛等特点,备受关注[5]。有研究表明,在污水治理方面,浮萍比水葫芦更具有应用优势,能有效地将废水中的污染物转化为高品质生物质,其生物质可作为高蛋白饲料和生物质能源原料开发利用[2, 6-7];此外,浮萍还具有易打捞、适应能力和污染物吸收能力强等特点[7-9]。然而,基于浮萍构建的浮萍塘处理系统仍存在污染物去除效率低,占地面积大的问题,使得该技术更适合在土地资源充足的发展中国家及广大农村地区使用[10]。浮萍塘的污染物去除效率低既与浮萍根系短,与水体接触面积小有关[7, 11],也与浮萍垫层阻碍氧气向水体扩增,使得水体溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)含量降低有关[12]。有研究[13]表明,DO是影响生态工程处理系统(氧化塘、生态浮床、人工湿地等)污染物去除效果的重要因素,提高DO是促进此类系统污染物去除的有效途径之一[14],其中普遍采用的手段为微曝气技术[15]。研究者普遍认为,微曝气能够增加生态浮床系统水体DO,提高水体中微生物活性,促进植物生长及对氮、磷营养物的吸收和去除,从而改善水质状况[16]。此外,微曝气还能改善生态浮床系统水动力条件,促使水体氮、磷营养物能充分与植物根部接触而被吸收去除[17]。
在浮萍塘系统中,因浮萍垫层的阻隔作用使水体DO不足的问题尤为突出[18]。因此,曝气处理是提高水体DO和污染物去除率的有效措施之一。然而,目前相关研究较少,且仅有的少量研究所获得的结果也不理想。例如,BEN-SHALOM等[19]的研究表明,浮萍塘中直接曝气对污染物的去除无显著促进作用。这可能与浮萍个体较小,易受曝气扰动有关。可见,在浮萍塘中直接曝气并不可取,而进水前实施预曝气处理,通过增加进水的DO来改善浮萍塘水体溶氧状况,可有效避免塘中直接曝气对浮萍造成影响。同时,考虑到曝气成本较高,选择合适的预曝气时长对降低成本极为关键,但目前尚缺乏有用的参考信息。
基于上述原因,本研究拟在浮萍塘前端引入曝气塘,构建中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统,对浮萍塘进水进行预曝气处理,通过设置不同曝气时长实验组,考察曝气时长对污染物去除及浮萍生长的影响,探寻低耗高效的最佳曝气时长,为曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统在农村污水处理中的应用提供参考。
曝气时长对中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统中污染物去除的影响
Effect of aeration duration on the pollutant removal in a pilot-scale combined system of aeration pond and duckweed-based pond
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摘要: 浮萍塘污水处理技术具有管理简便、运行成本低、可资源化回收氮磷污染物等优势。然而,因水体溶解氧(DO)不足造成的污染物去除率低的问题限制了该技术的推广应用。为此,本研究在浮萍塘前端引入曝气塘,构建中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统,借此增加浮萍塘DO含量,并进一步考察了曝气时长(0、0.5、1、2和4 h)对污染物去除效果及浮萍生长的影响,以此探寻低耗高效的最佳曝气时长。结果表明,曝气塘可有效降低水体的浊度,但对氮磷去除的贡献较小,氮磷的去除以浮萍塘为主。曝气处理可显著提高曝气塘及浮萍塘水体DO含量和氧化还原电位(Eh),且DO和Eh随曝气时长的增加而上升。此外,曝气处理还能显著促进浮萍生长及其污染物的去除,但促进效果并未简单地随曝气时长的增加而提高。其中,TN、氨氮和浊度的去除率在曝气时长1 h时已基本达到峰值(去除率分别为58.42%、61.89%和89.90%),TP去除率虽在曝气时长4 h时最大(81.44%),但与曝气时长0.5 h(73.05%)相比并无显著差异;浮萍虽在曝气时长2 h时干基生长速率最高(8.00 g·(m2·d)−1),但与曝气时长0.5 h和1 h(7.35 g·(m2·d)−1左右)相比也无显著差异,而曝气成本却成倍增加。因此,综合考虑污染物去除、浮萍生长及曝气成本,建议曝气时长不宜高于1 h,推荐0.5~1 h为佳。以上结果可为曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统的应用及曝气时长的选择提供参考。Abstract: Duckweed-based pond (DP) has several advantages, such as simplicity of management, low operating costs and easy-recovering nitrogen and phosphorus, however, the low pollutant removal efficiency caused by low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the pond water hampers its broad application. Thus, a pilot-scale combined system with an aeration pond (AP) before a DP was developed in this study to increase DO concentration and pollutant removal efficiency in the DP, meanwhile, the effects of aeration duration (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h, respectively) on the pollutant removal and duckweed growth were also investigated to determine the optimal aeration duration for low operating cost and high efficiency. The results showed that the AP could greatly reduce turbidity of the wastewater, but slightly contribute to nitrogen and phosphorus removals which mainly achieved by DP. Meanwhile, aeration treatment significantly increased DO and oxidation reduction potential (Eh) in AP and DP, and DO and Eh increased with the extension of aeration duration. Aeration treatment also significantly promoted duckweed growth and pollutant removal in the combined system, while this promotion didn’t increase with the extension of aeration duration. The removal efficiencies of TN,
${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N and turbidity almost reached their respective peak value at 1 h of aeration duration (58.42%, 61.89% and 89.90%, respectively); although TP removal efficiency was the highest at 4 h of aeration duration (81.44%), there was not significant difference compared with that at 0.5 h of aeration duration (73.05%). The duckweed growth rate was the highest (8.00 g·(m2·d)−1) at 2 h of aeration duration, while there was also not significant difference compared with that at 0.5 or 1 h of aeration durations (around 7.35 g·(m2·d)−1), but the cost of aeration treatment doubled. Therefore, comprehensively considering the pollutant removal, the duckweed growth and the cost of aeration treatment, it is recommended that the aeration duration should be less than 1 h, and its optimal value was 0.5~1 h. The result provides an important reference for the selection of aeration duration and the application of the combined system of AP and DP. -
表 1 各处理系统的曝气时长及水力停留时间
Table 1. Aeration duration and hydraulic retention time in each treatment system
h 联合处理系统 曝气塘HRT 浮萍塘HRT 联合系统HRT A-D-0 0 144 144 A-D-0.5 0.5 143.5 144 A-D-1 1 143 144 A-D-2 2 142 144 A-D-4 4 140 144 表 2 不同曝气时长处理下曝气塘出水(浮萍塘进水)污染物浓度
Table 2. Pollutant concentration in the effluent of the aeration ponds (influent of the duckweed-based ponds) at different aeration durations
曝气时长/h TN/(mg·L−1) 氨氮/(mg·L−1) 硝态氮/(mg·L−1) TP/(mg·L−1) 浊度/NTU 01) 11.97±2.70a 11.26±2.64a 0.67±0.42a 1.26±0.44a 30.96±42.15a 0.5 11.39±3.03b 10.86±2.63b 0.19±0.16c 1.23±0.41a 13.44±11.65c 1 11.25±3.05b 10.90±2.46b 0.35±0.41b 1.22±0.40a 14.92±14.90c 2 11.51±3.29b 11.12±2.64a 0.32±0.32b 1.21±0.43a 17.52±18.31c 4 11.20±3.17b 10.89±2.79b 0.44±0.27b 1.24±0.40a 17.98±18.44b 注:1)未进行曝气处理,该水样同时也是曝气塘进水;数据后不同的小写字母代表同列数据间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。 表 3 不同曝气时长处理下浮萍塘出水污染物浓度
Table 3. Pollutant concentration in the effluent of duckweed-based ponds at different aeration durations
曝气时长/h TN/(mg·L−1) 氨氮/(mg·L−1) 硝态氮/(mg·L−1) TP/(mg·L−1) 浊度/NTU 0 7.49±3.31a 7.33±3.29a 0.14±0.13c 0.62±0.33a 6.69±5.93a 0.5 5.57±2.19b 4.70±2.33b 0.85±0.70b 0.34±0.17b 4.61±4.46b 1 4.98±2.10c 4.15±2.11b 0.84±0.69b 0.35±0.14b 3.13±2.63c 2 5.07±2.34c 4.17±2.20b 0.89±0.73b 0.29±0.13c 2.99±2.56c 4 5.03±2.69c 3.68±2.14c 1.36±1.05a 0.23±0.11d 2.83±2.26c 注:数据后不同的小写字母代表同列数据间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。 -
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