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硒是人体必需的微量元素,但若其在环境中浓度过高,将会造成污染[1]。在酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)中一般缺乏有机碳源[2],而AMD中的硒通常与其他重金属离子(如Cd(Ⅱ))共存,这类废水pH较低(pH为2.0~5.0)[3],硒和镉浓度可从几μg到几十mg。之前有研究者发现,酸性矿山废水中硒和镉浓度可同时达到53 mg·L−1和44 mg·L−1[4]。我国在《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)中规定,总硒和镉的最大允许排放浓度均为0.1 mg·L−1[5]。因此,含硒、镉污染的废水必须进行适当处理。
与物理、化学方法相比,生物处理法具有成本低、节能环保的优点,具有良好的发展潜力。ESPINOSA-ORTIZ等[6]采用黄孢原毛平革菌,在葡萄糖(5 g·L−1)作为碳源的条件下,对pH为4.5的10 mg·L−1含Se(Ⅳ)废水进行了处理,结果表明,可溶性硒的去除率仅有70%。ZHANG等[7]研究了活性污泥SBR在限氧条件下对含硒含盐废水的生物处理效果,发现在28 ℃和pH为7.0~7.1的条件下,以醋酸盐(200~1 600 mg·L−1)为唯一碳源,98%以上的可溶性硒和72%以上的固体硒可被去除,且大部分亚硒酸盐被还原为硒元素且积累在污泥中,Proteobacteria (变形菌门)是除硒优势菌门。MAL等[8]的研究结果表明,在30 ℃和pH为7.3条件下,以乳酸钠(1 120 mg·L−1)作为碳源的厌氧颗粒污泥中,79 mg·L−1的Se(Ⅳ)在Cd(Ⅱ)(≤70 mg·L−1)存在下,7 d内Se(Ⅳ)可被完全还原,且在水相中发现了元素硒和CdSe纳米物质的存在。TAN等[9]通过上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)对含硒、硝酸盐和硫酸盐的废水进行了处理,在pH为5.0和COD为2 g·(L·d)−1的条件下,总硒、溶解态硒和COD的去除率分别为43%、61%和20%,UASB运行不稳定,Campylobacteraceae和Desulfomicrobiaceae是UASB中优势菌,相对丰度分别为23%和10%。笔者此前使用UASB同步去除废水中的Se(Ⅵ)和Cd(Ⅱ),在pH为7.0、碳源为乳酸钠(1 800 mg·L−1)的条件下,总硒和镉的去除率分别为95.0%和99.2%[10]。
以上关于对废水中硒、镉去除的研究,大多是在pH中性或者高碳源条件下进行的。厌氧颗粒污泥具有可持留大量生物、沉降性能好、抗冲击能力强等诸多优点,因而受到学者们的广泛关注[11]。笔者此前的研究发现,厌氧颗粒污泥可在进水pH为中性及高浓度有机物的条件下,同步去除Se(Ⅵ)和Cd(Ⅱ)[10]。基于此,本研究在低碳源的条件下,进一步考察了厌氧颗粒污泥对酸性硒、镉废水的处理效果,并采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱(SEM-EDS)分析了厌氧颗粒污泥的微观结构,利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了硒、镉等元素价态,通过高通量测序技术,解析了厌氧颗粒污泥中细菌、古菌的群落结构特征,以期为生物同步处理低碳源酸性含硒、镉废水提供参考。
厌氧颗粒污泥处理低碳源酸性含硒、镉废水的效果及微生物群落特征
Treatment effect of acidic wastewater containing selenium and cadmium with limited carbon source by anaerobic granular sludge and the microbial community characteristics
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摘要: 为探究在低碳源条件下,酸性硒、镉废水生物同步处理的可行性,采用厌氧颗粒污泥间歇反应器(SBR)对含硒(7.9 mg·L−1)、镉(11.2 mg·L−1)酸性废水进行了处理。结果表明:在进水COD为100 mg·L−1的第I阶段(1~40周期),镉平均去除率为(96.67±2.70)%,在第I阶段的前16个周期,总硒和四价硒的平均去除率分别达到(97.07±3.17)%和(98.86±1.84)%,自第17周期起,总硒和四价硒的去除率逐渐下降至第40周期的(54.47±0.62)%和(57.66±2.24)%;当进水COD为50 mg·L−1的第II阶段(41~100周期),对废水中镉、硒的去除效果均不理想。扫描电镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表征结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥对Se(Ⅳ)、Cd(Ⅱ)的去除机理包括生物还原和吸附,产物中出现Se(0)和硒化镉(CdSe)纳米颗粒。细菌群落分析结果表明,在细菌门水平上,Proteobacteria(34.11%)、Synergistota(31.16%)和Firmicutes(12.48%)为优势菌;在细菌科水平上,具有较强硒、镉去除能力的Burkholderiaceae(34.07%)、Comamonadaceae(10.84%)和Pseudomonadaceae (6.01%)在厌氧颗粒污泥中占据优势地位。古菌群落结构分析结果表明,具有较强重金属耐受能力的Methanosaeta和Methanobacterium古菌相对丰度最高,分别为51.00%和46.98%。以上研究结果可为含硒、镉低碳源酸性废水处理及其微生物特性的研究提供参考。Abstract: In order to explore the feasibility of biological treatment of acidic selenium and cadmium wastewater synchronously with limited carbon source, sequencing batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge was used to treat acidic wastewater containing selenium (7.9 mg·L−1) or cadmium (11.2 mg·L−1). The results showed that at the stage I (1~40 cycles) with the influent COD of 100 mg·L−1, the average removal efficiency of cadmium was (96.67±2.70)%. While in the first 16 cycles of stage I, the average removal efficiencies of total Se and Se(IV) were (97.07±3.17)% and (98.86±1.84)%, respectively. From the 17th cycle, the removal efficiencies of total Se and Se(IV) decreased gradually to (54.47±0.62)% and (57.66±2.24)% at the 40th cycle, respectively. At the stage II (41~100 cycles) with the influent COD of 50 mg·L−1, the removal efficiencies of cadmium and selenium in wastewater were low. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) results showed that the mechanisms of Se(Ⅳ) and Cd(Ⅱ) removal by anaerobic granular sludge included biological reduction and adsorption, and Se(0) and CdSe nanoparticles occurred in the biomass. The results of bacterial community analysis showed that Proteobacteria (34.11%), Synergistota (31.16%) and Firmicutes (12.48%) were the dominant bacteria at the phylum level. Burkholderiae (34.07%), Comamonadaceae (10.84%) and Pseudomonadaceae (6.01%) with stronger ability to remove selenium and cadmium, were dominant in the anaerobic granular sludge at the family level. The analysis of the archaeal community structure showed that Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium with strong heavy metal tolerant had the highest relative abundances of 51.00% and 46.98%, respectively. This study provides the reference for treating acidic wastewater containing selenium or cadmium with limited carbon source, as well as the corresponding microbial community characteristic analysis.
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Key words:
- selenium /
- cadmium /
- anaerobic granular sludge /
- microbial community
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表 1 SBR在不同阶段运行工况
Table 1. Operation conditions of SBR at different stages
运行阶段
(周期)温度/℃ Se(Ⅳ)/
(mg·L−1)Cd(Ⅱ)/
(mg·L−1)COD/
(mg·L−1)Ⅰ (1~40) 28.5~34.1 7.9 11.24 100 Ⅱ (41~100) 7.9 11.24 50 表 2 厌氧颗粒污泥测序及微生物Alpha多样性结果
Table 2. Sequencing results of anaerobic granular sludge and microbial Alpha diversity
样品 序列数 序列平均长度/bp Shannon指数 Simpson指数 ACE指数 Chao指数 覆盖率/% 接种厌氧颗粒污泥 65 055 411.1 3.345 0.09 385.2 381.4 99.9 第I阶段厌氧颗粒污泥 55 866 416.5 3.192 0.12 342.7 357.0 99.9 第II阶段厌氧颗粒污泥 52 896 421.7 2.880 0.13 329.7 325.4 99.9 表 3 古细菌在属(Genus)水平上的物种组成及丰度
Table 3. Archaea compositions and abundances at genus level
古细菌属(Genus) 相对丰度/% 接种厌氧颗粒污泥 第I阶段厌氧颗粒污泥 第II阶段厌氧颗粒污泥 Methanobacterium(甲烷杆菌属) 67.53 46.98 80.49 Methanosaeta(甲烷鬃菌属) 27.4 51 16.56 norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__Bathyarchaeia 2.55 0.19 1.59 Methanolinea(甲烷绳菌属) 1.12 1.13 0.88 others 1.4 0.7 0.48 -
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