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制浆造纸行业产生的废水对生态环境和人体健康产生威胁[1]。制浆造纸废水中有机污染物种类复杂,主要包括直链烷烃类、醇类、酮类、醛类、酯类、脂肪酸类、芳香族等[2],其中,醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类和脂肪酸类可以在物化、生化处理过程中可得到有效降解,但主要来源于制浆造纸过程中木素的脱除物及添加的涂料、废纸油墨等的芳香族有机污染物具有很好的化学稳定性[3],难以在物化、生化处理过程中被彻底去除[4],在造纸废水二级生化出水中占难降解污染物的80%以上。随着造纸行业污染物排放新标准的颁布和实施,污水排放标准日益严格,造纸废水深度处理刻不容缓。
目前,工程应用的制浆造纸废水深度处理工艺主要有以羟基自由基(OH∙)为主要活性物种的Fe2+活化双氧水(H2O2)的Fenton氧化技术以其高效的降解能力,得到了广泛的关注和重视,但调酸步骤繁琐,所用的氧化剂运输及储存过程存在安全隐患,在工程应用中饱受诟病[5]。过二硫酸盐(PS,persulfate)作为新型高级氧化技术,近年来逐步成为研究热点,PS具有常温下性质稳定、适用pH广泛(2.5~11)、易于储存、易溶于水、价格低廉、反应产物温和等应用优势,可在Fe2+活化作用下产生硫酸根自由基(
$ {\rm{SO}}_4^{ \cdot - }$ ),从而降解污染物[6],其具有氧化还原电位(E0=+2.5~3.1 V)高于羟基自由基(E0=+2.3~2.8 V)[7]、氧化活性更好、寿命更长的特点,在近中性至碱性条件下降解污染物方面具有更好的优越性[8]。另外,$ {\rm{SO}}_4^{ \cdot - }$ 不仅可与有机物发生C—H键的抽氢和C=C键的加成反应外,作为强的电子受体在通过电子转移夺得苯环上的电子使其开环断链并矿化为CO2和H2O,这使得PS高级氧化法应用于处理分子中含苯环类的难降解废水方面具有更鲜明的优势[9]。而过二硫酸盐室温下呈固体状态,易于储存和输送、稳定性高,在水溶液中比过氧化氢具有更高的溶解度,这一特征也有利于PS高级氧化法深度处理废水的工程应用。本研究以本团队设计完成的广东东莞某造纸厂废水PS无酸高级氧化处理工程为例,着重分析了该处理工艺发技术特征及PS无酸高级氧化工艺在深度处理制浆造纸废水的工程应用状况,对各处理工段水质进行系统检测,分析有机物、氮、磷等污染物的变化规律和水质特征,评估PS无酸高级氧化工艺深度处理造纸废水体系。探讨PS无酸高级氧化工艺深度处理造纸废水过程中的溶解性有机物的去除特性,分析深度处理进出水中的有机物组成,为类似废水提供理论依据;探讨了该工艺的实际运行状况,以期对造纸废水深度处理提供借鉴经验。
PS无酸高级氧化工艺深度处理制浆造纸废水的工程应用
Engineering application of pulping and papermaking wastewater advanced treatment by PS acid-free advanced oxidation process
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摘要: 相较于Fenton高级氧化深度处理造纸废水,PS无酸高级氧化技术具有无需调节进水pH,药剂稳定等优点。基于此,以某造纸厂废水PS无酸高级氧化处理工程为依托,系统分析了该技术的工艺特点,研究了过硫酸钠、硫酸亚铁、氢氧化钠、聚合氯化铝等处理药剂用量与水量、进水负荷、COD去除量之间的关系。连续运行数据表明,高级氧化深度处理进水COD平均值为116 mg·L−1,出水COD平均值为47 mg·L−1,可稳定保持在60 mg·L−1以下。过硫酸钠、硫酸亚铁、氢氧化钠及聚合氯化铝的平均投加量分别为0.06、0.12、0.09和0.095 kg·m−3(以单位水量计),硫酸亚铁和过硫酸钠的投加摩尔比例为2.0~3.0。采用UV-vis光谱、三维荧光和气相质谱等指纹图谱分析手段对深度处理水样中溶解性有机物(DOM)特性进行了分析,结果表明,中小分子质量的DOM物质比例有所提高,芳香族难生物降解污染物和类腐殖酸均得到了有效降解。此外,对PS无酸高级氧化技术进行了系统工艺分析。以上研究结果可为废水处理中新型高级氧化技术的应用提供参考。Abstract: Compared with Fenton advanced oxidation process for pulping and papermaking wastewater treatment, the PS acid-free advanced oxidation process has many advantages of stable reagents, no need to adjust initial pH and so on. Based on the operation data of PS acid-free advanced oxidation process treating the biochemical effluent from a pulp and paper factory, the relationships between the dosage of the chemicals (sodium persulfate, ferrous sulfate, sodium hydroxide and polyaluminium chloride) and water flow, influent load and COD removal amount were systematically analyzed. Continuous running data showed that the average COD of influent was 116 mg·L−1, while the average COD of effluent was 47 mg·L−1 which was stable below 60 mg·L−1. The average dosages of sodium persulfate, ferrous sulfate, sodium hydroxide and polyaluminum chloride were 0.06, 0.12, 0.09 and 0.095 kg·m−3 (as unit volume of wastewater), respectively. Besides, the molar ratio of ferrous sulfate to sodium persulfate was mainly between 2.0 and 3.0. The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were characterized by fingerprinting methods such as UV-vis spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence and GC-MS. The results showed that the proportions of substances with medium and small molecular weights in DOM increased. Persistent aromatic pollutants and humic acids were effectively degraded during the treatment. The water quality was greatly improved after the advanced treatment. With the reduced operating costs and simplified operation process, the PS acid-free advanced oxidation process can ensure that the effluent meets the discharge requirements. The systematic process analysis of PS acid-free advanced oxidation technology could provide technical support and theoretical reference for the application of advanced oxidation technology in wastewater treatment.
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表 1 某制浆造纸厂废水生化出水水质指标
Table 1. Water quality index of wastewater from the pulp and paper mill
mg·L−1 实测值与标准 COD BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP 实测值 90~130 5~8 30~65 4~7 8~12 0.32~0.42 国家标准 60 10 10 5 12 0.50 表 2 深度处理工艺各工段UV-vis吸收值
Table 2. UV-vis absorption values of each section during advanced treatment process
处理工段 UV254 E254/E365 E300/E400 SR 造纸废水原水 3.28 4.95 5.20 4.70 深度处理进水 1.02 6.83 8.09 3.70 深度处理出水 0.35 7.30 8.96 4.93 表 3 深度处理工艺不同工段荧光光谱FI比值
Table 3. FI ratio of different sections during advanced treatment process
水样 IA/IB IA/IC IB/IC 造纸废水原水 1.58 0.98 0.62 深度处理进水 1.43 0.85 0.59 深度处理出水 2.34 1.02 0.45 表 4 造纸废水深度处理前后GC-MS全扫描定性分析结果
Table 4. Analysis results of GC-MS complete scanning before and after advanced treatment
序号 污染物 匹配率/% 处理前 处理后 ① 2,3,4,5-四甲基-2-环戊烯酮 89 — ② 苯并环庚三烯 98 — ③ 2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚 94 — ④ 2-丙烯酸十二烷基酯 96 — ⑤ 十四酸甲酯 95 — ⑥ 邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯 97 92 ⑦ 对二甲苯 — 90 ⑧ 二氯硝基甲烷 — 89 ⑨ 二甲基硫代甲砜 — 93 ⑩ 1-二十六烯 — 87 -
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