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塑料及其制品具有化学性质稳定、质量轻、成本低等优点,在工农业及日常生活中被广泛应用. 塑料垃圾包括塑料袋、薄膜、泡沫等,其可回收利用率低,容易以废弃垃圾的形式通过河流、船舶、人为丢弃等方式进入海洋环境中. 有研究表明,预计到2025年,全球海洋中塑料垃圾含量将高达2.5亿 t,相当于每3 t鱼中,就有1 t塑料[1]. 进入海洋中的废弃塑料,在物理、化学和生物的作用下,分解破碎成更微小的塑料碎片或颗粒,其中直径小于5 mm的塑料垃圾称为微塑料[2-3]. 微塑料尺寸小,并且难以去除,在环境中存在的时间可达数百年甚至几千年,其作为一种新型的环境污染物受到国内外的广泛关注[4]. 微塑料本身具有有害的化学添加剂(双酚A、壬基酚等),并且能够吸附海洋中的污染物如重金属、有机污染物[5],增加了其危害性. 除此之外,微塑料具有与沉积物颗粒、被海洋生物捕食的猎物等相似的尺寸,能够被各种海洋生物误食[6-7],进入食物链,从而危害海洋生态系统的健康[8-9].
珊瑚礁生态系统被称为“海洋中的热带雨林”,是全球自然资源最丰富的、生态功能最强大的海洋生态系统之一. 珊瑚礁在维持海洋生物多样性、海洋生态环境平衡、海洋新型药物探索和海岸线保护中发挥着非常重要的作用[10-11]. 有研究表明,浅水珊瑚礁和环礁的三维结构能够减缓波浪,因此表层海流在输送微塑料的过程中容易在珊瑚礁海域发生沉降和累积[12-13]. 近年来,在澳大利亚大堡礁、东南亚和中国南沙岛礁等地区的珊瑚礁海域都检测到微塑料污染[14-16]. 有研究通过暴露实验证明,珊瑚虫可以直接摄入微塑料[17],也可通过摄食浮游生物间接摄入浮游生物体内残留的微塑料[18],造成珊瑚白化和坏死的现象[19]. 另外,微塑料可以携带危害珊瑚健康的致病菌,加上微塑料对珊瑚的摩擦损伤,促进病原体进入珊瑚体内[20-22]. 除珊瑚外,珊瑚礁生态系统中的鱼类[23-24]、底栖生物[25]、浮游生物[26-27]等都会因为误食微塑料而受到影响,从而危害珊瑚礁生态系统健康.
因为陆地是海洋塑料污染的主要来源[2],近岸的珊瑚礁生态系统更容易受到微塑料的影响[6, 28-29]. 目前国内的研究重点在珊瑚礁资源丰富的南沙与西沙海域,南海近岸珊瑚礁海域微塑料的污染情况研究较少. 因此本文的研究目的是分析南海近岸珊瑚礁海域中微塑料污染的来源、分布与组成特征,探明南海近岸珊瑚礁海域的微塑料污染现状,为评估我国南海近岸珊瑚礁海域的生态系统健康提供基础数据.
南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水体中微塑料的分布特征
Distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface waters of inshore coral reefs area in the South China Sea
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摘要: 海洋环境中的微塑料作为近年来备受国内外关注的一种新型污染物,具有颗粒小、难去除和分布广等特性,并且易携带有毒有害物质,易被生物吸收,因此海洋微塑料成为影响珊瑚礁生态系统健康的重要因素. 研究近岸珊瑚礁海域水体中微塑料的污染分布特征有助于了解陆源污染对近岸珊瑚礁生态系统的影响,为珊瑚礁海域生态环境保护提供基础数据. 为探究中国南海近岸珊瑚礁海域(文昌和徐闻海域)表层水体中微塑料的分布特征,本研究采用拖网法(0.33 mm)在该海域设置10个站位并收集表层水体中的微塑料样品,经过微塑料鉴定及数据统计分析后,得出以下结论:(1)南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水体微塑料的平均丰度为(1.186 ± 1.370) n·m-3,高于外海珊瑚礁海域;与国内外其他近岸海域相比,其丰度处于中等水平. (2)粒径0.1—3.0 mm范围内的微塑料数量检出最多,占总数的82.1%;文昌珊瑚礁海域微塑料的主要成分是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,主要颜色为白色,形状以纤维为主;徐闻珊瑚礁海域主要成分为聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯,主要颜色为白色和透明,形状分布相对均匀,以片状和泡沫状为主. (3)南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水体中微塑料的分布主要受地形、河流输入和人类活动的影响,丰度高值站位主要位于海湾、港口、河口等易于微塑料的积累的位置. (4)生产和生活污水排放是文昌珊瑚礁海域表层水体中微塑料的主要来源,而废弃的日用品和农渔业用品是徐闻珊瑚礁海域表层水体中的微塑料的主要来源. 人类活动对海洋微塑料丰度和组成有很大影响,因此,应加强南海近岸珊瑚礁海域的污水排放和渔业活动管控,预防和减少微塑料污染.Abstract: Microplastics, which are considered as emerging contaminants, have attracted much more attention currently for their small sizes, resistant to degradation and wide distribution in aquatic environments. Moreover, marine microplastics are easy to carry the toxic and harmful substances and be absorbed by organisms. Thus, marine microplastics are considered as an important factor affecting the health of coral reef ecosystems. Studying the pollution distribution characteristics of microplastics in inshore coral reef waters is helpful to understand the impact of terrestrial pollution on the health of inshore coral reef ecosystems and provide basic data for ecological environment protection in coral reef waters. In order to study the distribution characteristics of microplastics in the surface waters of the inshore coral reef waters in the South China Sea (Wenchang and Xuwen), the mesh surface trawls (0.33 mm pore size) were used to collect microplastics in the surface water at 10 sample sites. After microplastics identification and data statistical analysis, we draw the following conclusions: (1) The average abundance of microplastics in the surface waters of the inshore coral reefs of the South China Sea was (1.186 ± 1.370) n·m-3, which was higher than the coral reef waters in the open sea. Besides, the abundance of microplastics was at a medium level compared to other inshore waters at home and abroad. (2) The number of microplastics with the particle size ranging from 0.1 — 3.0 mm was the most detected, accounting for 82.1% of the total microplastics. Furthermore, the microplastics in the Wenchang coral reef sea area were mainly composed of polyethylene terephthalate, the main color was white, and the shape was mainly fibers. In addition, the microplastics in the Xuwen coral reef area were mainly comprised of polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene, the main color was white and transparent, and the shape was relatively uniform, mainly in fragment and foam. (3) The distribution of microplastics in the surface waters of inshore coral reefs in the South China Sea was mainly affected by topography, river input, and human activities. Sampling sites with high microplastics abundance were mainly located at bays, ports, and estuaries where microplastics were easy to accumulate. (4) Production and domestic sewage discharge were the main sources of microplastics in the surface waters of the Wenchang coral reefs, while the daily necessities and agricultural and fishery products discarded were the main sources of the surface waters of the Xuwen coral reefs. Human activities pose a great impact on abundance and composition of marine microplastics. Therefore, sewage discharge and fishing activities in the inshore coral reef areas of the South China Sea should be strengthened to prevent and reduce microplastic pollution.
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Key words:
- microplastics /
- coral reef /
- South China Sea /
- surface water.
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表 1 南海近岸珊瑚礁海域表层水体微塑料采样信息
Table 1. Sampling information of microplastics in surface water of inshore coral reefs area in the South China Sea
海域
Sea area采样站位
Sample sites经度/°E
Longitude纬度/°N
Latitude过滤水的体积/m3
Volume文昌珊瑚礁
Wenchang coral reefW1 110.69600 20.15494 498.8 W2 110.81482 19.48955 254.0 W3 110.95905 19.60087 276.6 W4 110.75771 19.41969 344.6 W5 110.77569 19.45463 436.0 徐闻珊瑚礁
Xuwen coral reefX1 109.92264 20.31996 481.1 X2 109.90832 20.22125 512.3 X3 109.90164 20.44338 359.0 X4 109.85747 20.39873 424.5 X5 109.94126 20.23601 494.3 表 2 国内外研究中微塑料丰度与本研究的比较
Table 2. Comparison of the microplastics concentration at home and abroad
调查海域
Sea area丰度/(n·m−3)
Abundance孔径/μm
Pore size参考文献
Reference中国南沙,渚碧礁 4933 ± 1369 50 [39] 中国南沙,南薰礁 1733 48 [40] 中国西沙珊瑚礁海域 200—45200 0.45 [41] 中国南沙,道明礁 0.57 ± 0.14 160 [38] 中国南沙,郑和礁 0.33 ± 0.24 印度尼西亚,寥内群岛 0.45 100—5000 [42] 马尔代夫,法福珊瑚礁海域 0.46 ± 0.15环礁内 330 [43] 0.12 ± 0.09礁盘外 中国南海 0.045 ± 0.093 333 [44] 中国南沙(道明礁、郑和礁等) 0.056 ± 0.035 333 [45] 中国南沙(美济礁、赤瓜礁、华阳礁) 1.1 ± 1.5 333 [46] 日本东亚海 3.7 ± 10.4 335 [47] 韩国东南部沿海 1.92—5.51 330 [48] 美国南加州近海 3.92 333 [49] 中国北部湾 0.56 ± 1.02 330 [31] 中国渤海 0.35 ± 0.13 330 [50] 中国锦州湾 0.93 ± 0.59 330 [30] 中国黄海南部 0.33 ± 0.28 333 [51] 中国东海 0.167 ± 0.138 333 [52] 中国杭州湾 0.14 ± 0.12 330 [53] 中国象山湾 8.91 ± 4.70 330 [54] 中国文昌珊瑚礁 1.177 ± 1.389 330 本研究 中国徐闻珊瑚礁 1.195 ± 1.350 330 本研究 -
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