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塑料是20世纪影响人类的重要发明,由于具有密度小、易加工、价格低、种类多样且能够大规模生产的特点,塑料在被发明出来后获得了极快的发展. 目前,塑料制品已进入人类生活的各种领域,如包装、交通、农业、建材、电子、医疗等领域,为人类的生活提供了方便. 因此,全球每年的塑料产量持续增长,从1950年的170万t增长到了2020年的3.59亿t[1],然而,塑料产品的回收利用率极低,据估算,1959年至今产生的约83亿t塑料中,仅有9%的量被回收利用[2],一方面是因为人类对塑料垃圾的随意丢弃,另一方面也是因为在一些领域内被使用的塑料本身即难以回收,例如农业和医疗领域[3]. 到目前为止,即使是南极和深海这些人迹罕至的区域也受到了塑料的污染,例如我国“蛟龙”号在破纪录的深海下潜中发现了塑料制品的痕迹[4],而更广为人所知的是太平洋上覆盖面积超过160万平方公里的大垃圾带,其中塑料的含量约有8万t[5].
鉴于塑料所造成的“白色污染”的严重性,为了缓解它们对环境带来的压力,全世界有大量资金都被用于改善它们的处置方法或用更环保的材料来替代它们,即可降解塑料. 在理想情况下,可降解塑料可以在环境中得到充分的降解且不对环境造成危害,有利于解决传统塑料长期滞留带来的污染问题. 因此,可降解塑料的开发研究和推广应用对保护环境具有重要意义[3]. 自上世纪70年代开始,许多发达国家纷纷投入可降解塑料的研究和推广. 据统计,1988年美国可降解塑料的销售量已达到84万t;1989年意大利的Ferruggi集团研制出了10%—15%淀粉含量的生物降解塑料;同年,日本通产省也投入150亿日元开发易在土壤中被微生物降解的塑料产品[6]. 不过到目前为止,全球可降解塑料的市场占比依然较小,2016年全球塑料产量为3.35亿t,其中可降解塑料仅占0.5%[7].
我国可降解塑料行业的起步较晚,尚处于导入期,2021年前我国可生物降解塑料的消费量仅占全球的4.6%[8]. 但是,在经济快速发展的前提下,在“碳中和”的背景下,“限塑令”的深入实施和垃圾分类的推广都为可降解塑料提供了巨大的市场空间,仅北京、上海、广州、深圳四大城市,因垃圾分类政策的实施,就会为可生物降解袋提供10—30万t的潜在市场需求,因此今后我国的可降解塑料产业有望迎来快速的发展[8-9].
目前,可降解塑料的推广已成为必然趋势,因此,对可降解塑料的认知也需要进一步加强. 本综述总结了可降解塑料的基础知识、面临的问题和可能造成的环境影响,有利于加深研究者们对可降解塑料的理解.
可降解塑料的使用现状及其潜在环境风险
Current use of biodegradable plastics and their potential environmental risks
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摘要: 为了减轻传统塑料制品给环境造成的影响,可降解塑料被大规模开发用于取代它们,以此降低传统塑料制品对生态环境的潜在危害. 然而,我国可降解塑料研究和行业起步较晚,相关的研究和分析较少. 在我国经济高速发展的同时,对可降解塑料的使用现状以及环境风险进行分析评估有利于更好地完成“碳达峰”和“碳中和”的战略目标. 本文对典型可降解塑料的定义、分类、生产、应用、面临问题以及环境影响等方面进行了综述,并对降低可降解塑料潜在风险,消除生产和使用中的常见弊端提出了展望.Abstract: In order to alleviate the pressure of traditional plastics on the environment, degradable plastics are produced in large quantities to replace them. However, the research and industry of degradable plastics in China started late, and the related studies and analysis were limited. With the rapid development of China's economy, the analysis and assessment of the current situation and environmental risks of degradable plastics will help to better achieve the strategic objectives of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutralization”. In this paper, the definition, classification, production, application, facing problems and environmental impact of typical degradable plastics are reviewed, and the prospect of reducing potential risks of degradable plastics and eliminating common drawbacks in production and use is put forward.
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表 1 可降解塑料的按照降解途径的分类和定义
Table 1. Classification and definition of degradable plastics according to degradation route
可降解塑料分类
Classification定义
Definition热氧降解塑料 由热和/或氧化引起降解的塑料 光降解塑料 由自然日光作用引起降解的塑料 生物降解塑料 在自然界如土壤和/或沙土等条件下,和/或特定条件如堆肥化条件下或厌氧消化条件下或水性培养液中,由自然界存在的微生物作用引起降解,并最终完全降解变成二氧化碳或/和烷、水及其所含元素的矿化无机盐以及新的生物质的塑料. 可堆肥塑料 可在堆肥化条件下,由于生物反应过程,可被降解和崩解,最终完全分解成二氧化碳、水及其所含元素的矿化无机盐以及新的生物质,并且最后形成的堆肥的重金属含量、毒性试验、残留碎片等应符合相关标准的规定. 表 2 可降解塑料主要种类及特性
Table 2. Main types and characteristics of degradable plastics
类别
Category耐热性
Heat
resistance成膜性
Film forming
property力学强度
Mechanical
strength透明性
Vitreousness降解速度
Degradation
rate商品化程度
Commercialization
degree主要用途
Main usagePLA 较高 差 较高 高 适中 高 薄膜、包装、3D打印等 PBAT 高 好 高 低 适中 高 薄膜、包装、餐具等 PHA 高 较好 高 低 快 中 包装、医药等 PCL 较低 较差 低 较高 慢 低 医用、增塑剂、纤维等 PBS 高 较好 较低 低 快 高 包装、餐具、医用、农膜等 表 3 中国可降解塑料的相关标准
Table 3. Chinese standards about degradable plastics
标准号
Standard number标准名称
Standard nameGB/T 18006.2—1999 一次性可降解餐饮具降解性能试验方法 GB/T 19275—2003 材料在特定微生物作用下潜在生物分解和崩解能力的评价 GB/T 19276.1—2003 水性培养液中材料最终需氧生物分解能力的测定 采用测定密闭呼吸计中需氧量的方法 GB/T 19276.2—2003 水性培养液中材料最终需氧生物分解能力的测定采用 测定释放的二氧化碳的方法 GB/T 19811—2005 在定义堆肥化中试条件下塑料材料崩解程度的测定 GB/T 20197—2006 降解塑料的定义、分类、标识和降解性能要求 GB/T 24454—2009 塑料垃圾袋 DB35/T 998—2010 淀粉基生物降解塑料母料 GB/T 27868—2011 可生物降解淀粉树脂 GB/T 28018—2011 生物分解塑料垃圾袋 GB/T 28206—2011 可堆肥塑料技术要求 GB/T 19277.1—2011
(ISO 14855—2: 2007)受控堆肥条件下材料最终需氧生物分解能力的测定 采用测定释放的二氧化碳的方法 第1部分:通用方法 GB/T 16716.7—2012 包装与包装废弃物 第7部分:生物降解和堆肥 DB13/T 1602—2012 降解塑料垃圾袋 GB/T 29646—2013 吹塑薄膜用改性聚酯类生物降解塑料 GB/T 19277.2—2013
(ISO 14855—2:2007)受控堆肥条件下材料最终需氧生物分解能力的测定 采用测定释放的二氧化碳的方法 第2部分:用重量分析法测定实验室条件下二氧化碳的释放量 GB/T 32366—2015 生物降解聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二酯(PBAT) GB/T 33616—2017 纺织品 非织造布可生物降解性能的评价 二氧化碳释放测定法 GB/T 33797—2017 塑料在高固体份堆肥条件下最终厌氧生物分解能力的测定 采用分析测定释放生物气体的方法 GB/T 35795—2017 全生物降解农用地面覆盖薄膜 YZ/T 0160.2—2017 邮政业封装用胶带 第2部分:生物降解胶带 DB22/T 2645—2017 生物降解塑料零售包装袋通用技术要求 GB/T 38082—2019 生物降解塑料购物袋 GB/T 41010—2021 生物降解塑料与制品降解性能及标识要求 表 4 可降解塑料废弃物的塑料、有机和混合废弃物处理路线的利弊
Table 4. Advantages and disadvantages of plastic, organic and mixed waste treatment routes for degradable plastic wastes
废弃路线
Waste routes处理方式
Treatment优点
Advantages缺点
Disadvantages塑料废弃物 机械回收 产生新的原材料 对传统塑料回收有负面影响 现有分拣技术 难以分拣 现有回收市场 难以完全回收 有机废弃物 堆肥 效果好 不能确保完全被生物降解 制造堆肥产品 没有为可降解塑料的专用堆肥设施 有机废弃物 家庭堆肥 对堆肥效果没有影响 缺乏堆肥质量监管 经济、灵活 不能确保完全被生物降解 厌氧消化 效果好 不能确保完全被生物降解 回收能量 需要后续处理设施 混合废弃物 焚烧 通常有效 排放温室气体 回收能量 比传统塑料排放少 气化 更高效地生产合成气 昂贵 填埋 花费少、简单 影响大、增加温室气体 -
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