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大气气溶胶是指悬浮在大气中的固态或液态微粒所组成的多相分散体系。海洋气溶胶颗粒物的粒径范围通常在0.001—100 μm之间,以超过1 μm粒径的颗粒物居多,由小到大依次可划分为四个模态:核模态、爱根核模态、集聚模态和粗粒子模态[1]. 大气颗粒物的主要化学成分包括无机物、有机物和有生命物质三大类,其中无机物主要包括各类微痕量元素如Al、Fe、Ca、K、Si、Zn、Cu、Pb、Se等,还包括各类离子、化合物及二次源成分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐)等;有机物种类繁多、来源广泛且结构复杂,主要包括芳香烃、含氮杂环有机物、脂肪烃、醇、酯、醛、酮类等,而有生命物质则为主要包括细菌、霉菌、真菌、病毒等在内的生物气溶胶. 大气颗粒物复杂的化学组成主要取决于其来源. 根据不同的分类方法,大气颗粒物可以划分为多种类型的来源(图1),其中二次源颗粒物不同于一次排放源直接排放的污染物,其是在一次排放源的基础上,通过光化学反应、液相反应以及气-粒转化等复杂的大气反应过程生成的二次气溶胶. 二次气溶胶颗粒物的成分组成及物理化学性质有很大差异,与参与二次反应过程的气态污染物有关. 一般而言,二次颗粒物硫酸铵、硝酸铵是细颗粒物(PM2.5)的主要成分,可占PM2.5质量浓度的30%—50%[2]. 大气颗粒物中主要无机成分如氮、磷、硅、铁等元素的沉降可为水域生态系统提供营养成分,而重金属元素的沉降则会产生毒性效应,抑制水域生态系统初级生产力的增长[3-5]. 此外,大气中的重金属元素(如Hg)和持久性有机污染物具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用[4,6],会对人体健康产生严重危害. 因此,大气颗粒物具有成分复杂、来源广泛的特征,是一个极为复杂的多相体系,对生态系统和人类生命健康均具有很大影响.
大气沉降是指气溶胶中的营养物质和污染成分通过重力沉降(干沉降)或随降水(湿沉降)等过程沉降至地表和水体的过程. 大气沉降不仅是大气清除自身污染物质的主要方式,也是沙尘和人为污染物质向海洋输送的重要途径之一. 沉降至海洋表层的陆源营养物质和有害成分势必会对海洋生态系统产生复杂的生态效应,这一影响程度与大气颗粒物粒径、成分、含量以及溶解度密切相关[7-9],而气溶胶颗粒物的成分取决于来源及其在大气传输过程中发生的一系列物理化学变化. 大气颗粒物来源解析是指通过物理、化学以及数学模型等技术方法定性或定量识别环境受体中各类大气成分的来源. 由于气溶胶颗粒物的粒径大小、化学组成及在大气化学中的各种效应均与其来源密切相关,追溯并量化大气颗粒物中各类化学成分的来源可为评估陆源输入对海洋大气气溶胶颗粒物和海洋生态系统的影响提供科学依据. 同时,源解析结果对深入揭示大气颗粒物成分的迁移转化机制和服务于政府部门科学制定大气污染物减排措施具有重要参考和实用价值. 因此,大气颗粒物源解析研究得到了科学家、政府和社会公众的极大关注,也是当前海洋科学与大气环境科学交叉研究的热点. 大气颗粒物源解析技术是有效开展大气颗粒物及其化学组分源解析研究的基础. 自20世纪60年代以来,国内外学者对大气颗粒物污染源的鉴别及其贡献大小进行了广泛深入地研究,发展并形成了诸多有效的技术方法体系,取得了一系列创新性成果,进一步加深了对生态系统物质循环的理解,并有力地推动和指导了大气污染精准化防控措施的制定和实施. 由于与人体健康关系密切,目前的大气颗粒物源解析研究多集中在城市[10-12],对海洋大气颗粒物源解析的研究相对较少且缺乏系统性,这极大地限制了对通过大气沉降输入海洋的污染物来源的甄别和防控. 据此,本文在系统梳理、归纳目前主流的大气颗粒物源解析方法发展水平基础上,综述了近40年来各类源解析方法在我国近海大气颗粒物源解析中的应用,并展望了未来海洋大气颗粒物源解析的发展方向,可为进一步阐明各类化学物质的生物地球化学循环过程、科学制定精准化大气污染防控措施提供理论参考和技术支持.
中国近海大气颗粒物来源解析研究进展
Source apportionment of atmospheric particulates in China sea: A review
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摘要: 大气颗粒物成分复杂、来源广泛,其通过干湿沉降的方式向海洋的输送是海洋营养物质和一些有害成分的重要来源之一,会对海洋生态系统产生重要影响. 大气颗粒物源解析可追溯并量化各类大气成分的排放源信息,为科学防控大气污染和评估海洋大气沉降的生态环境效应提供科学依据. 目前的大气颗粒物源解析研究多聚焦城市,对海洋的研究相对不足. 本文系统梳理了目前各类源解析方法的发展现状,综述了其在我国海洋大气颗粒物源解析中的应用,并展望了未来的研究方向. 结果表明,1)源清单法、源模型法和受体模型三大类技术方法体系在我国海洋大气颗粒物源解析中均有应用,但由于各类方法的适用性和局限性,以因子分析为代表的源未知受体模型得到了最广泛地应用;2)以指示因子法和同位素示踪法为代表的新方法不断涌现,多方法联用源解析技术实现了海洋大气颗粒物来源的准确识别;3)中国近海大气颗粒物的主要来源为化石燃料燃烧、工业排放、生物质燃烧、农业化肥使用、城市垃圾焚烧以及二次生成等的人为源,也有部分来自矿物沙尘、建筑扬尘、海盐飞沫以及生源释放等自然源,其贡献的相对大小与海域位置、陆源输入强度、气象条件以及浮游植物生物量等因素有关. 今后应首先从完善源成分谱入手,注重开展多种源解析方法的集成与耦合,研发混合源解析技术模型,开发在线实时快速源解析和二次颗粒物源解析技术,并重点在受人为影响显著的海湾、近岸区域以及生态脆弱区开展精准化大气污染物源解析研究. 不断发展适合我国近海的大气颗粒物源解析方法体系,对实现陆海统筹下的海洋生态保护战略目标意义重大.Abstract: The composition of atmospheric particulates is complex with a various of sources. Its transport to the ocean via dry and wet deposition is one of the important sources of marine nutrients and some harmful components, which will have important impacts on the marine ecosystem. Source apportionment of atmospheric particulates can trace and quantify the emission sources of various atmospheric components, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of air pollution and assessment of the ecological environmental effects of marine atmospheric deposition. So far, the study on the source apportionment of atmospheric particulates mainly focuses on cities, whereas, the research of marine aerosol is relatively insufficient. In view of this situation, we summarized the current development of various source apportionment methods, reviewed their application in the study of source apportionment of marine atmospheric particulates, and proposed the future research directions. The results show that (1) the emission inventory, source-oriented model and receptor model have been applied in the source apportionment of marine atmospheric particulates in China. However, due to the applicability and limitations of various methods, the source-unknown receptor model represented by factor analysis has been widely used; (2) new methods such as indicator factor method and isotopic tracing are emerging constantly, the source analysis technology combined with multiple methods has realized the accurate source identification of marine atmospheric particulates; (3) the main sources of chemical components in atmospheric particulates in China sea are anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industrial emissions, biomass combustion, agricultural fertilizer use, municipal waste incineration and secondary formation of pollutants, etc. In addition, the contributions of natural sources such as mineral dust, construction dust, sea salt droplets and biogenic release, etc. cannot be neglected. The relative contributions of these sources are related to the location of the sea, the intensity of terrestrial input, meteorological conditions and phytoplankton biomass. In the future, firstly, perfecting the source component spectrum, emphasizing on the integration and coupling of multiple source analysis methods, developing mixed source analysis technology models, developing online real-time fast source identification and secondary particle source apportionment techniques. On this basis, the research on precise source apportionment technique should be mostly applied in the significantly anthropogenic-influenced bays, nearshore waters and ecological fragile areas in China sea. It is of great significance for realizing the strategic goal of marine ecological protection under the land-sea coordination to continuously develop the method system of atmospheric particulate source apportionment that suitable for China's offshore waters.
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表 1 沿海主要港口大气污染物排放量清单
Table 1. The emission inventory of air pollutants in major coastal ports of China
表 2 大气颗粒物源解析研究中常用的主要无机示踪物[4,11]
Table 2. The main inorganic tracers used in source apportionment of atmospheric particulates
排放源类型
Types of emission sources无机示踪物
Inorganic tracers风起扬尘The wind dust Al、Si、Ca、非海盐源钙离子(nss-Ca2+)、Mn、Ti 建筑尘Construction dust Ca、nss-Ca2+、Mg 冶炼尘Smelting dust Fe、Mn、Zn、Co、Cu 机动车尾气Vehicle exhaust Ni、Co、Cu、Zn、Pb、有机碳(OC) 煤燃烧Coal combustion As、Se、S、非海盐源硫酸根离子(nss-SO42-)、Cl、元素碳(EC) 燃油排放Fuel emissions Ni、V、Cu 生物质燃烧Biomass burning K、非海盐源钾离子(nss-K+)、Zn、Cl 二次无机盐Secondary inorganic salts nss-SO42-、NO3-、NH4+ 注:nss-指代non-sea salt,即非海盐源,下文同此. 表 3 大气颗粒物源解析研究中常用的主要有机示踪物[11]
Table 3. The main organic tracers used in source apportionment of atmospheric particulates
排放源类型
Types of emission sources有机示踪物
Organic tracers机动车尾气Vehicle exhaust 藿烷、甾烷、晕苯、荧蒽、芘 煤燃烧Coal combustion 藿烷、甾烷、烷基芘、多环芳烃 生物质燃烧Biomass burning 左旋葡聚糖、植物甾醇、萜类物质 餐饮排放Dining lampblack 胆固醇、十六烷酸、十八烷酸、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、壬醛、9-十六烯酸 香烟排放Cigarette smoke 反异三十烷、反异三十二烷、异三十一烷、异三十二烷、异三十三烷 天然气燃烧Natural gas combustion 苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(e)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、苯并(g,h,i)苝 植物碎屑Phytodetritus 高分子量的奇碳烷烃 轮胎磨损Tyre wear 高分子量偶碳烷烃、苯并噻唑 表 4 部分源解析方法信息汇总
Table 4. Summary of partial source apportionment methods
源解析方法
Source apportionment methods主要示踪物
The primary tracers大气颗粒物源类型
Types of atmospheric particulate sourcesCMAQ[24] — 9类,包括柴油车排放、汽油车排放、生物质燃烧、煤燃烧、道路扬尘、二次离子(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐)、二次有机物 CMB-无机CMB-Inorganic[51] SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、EC、有机碳(OC)、Al、As、Ba、Br、Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mn、Pb、Se、Si、Ti、Zn 8类,包括机动车排放、生物质燃烧、煤燃烧、道路扬尘、二次硫酸盐、二次硝酸盐、二次铵盐)、二次有机碳 CMB-有机CMB-Organic[52] EC、Al、Si、9种烷烃、7种藿烷和甾烷、3种树脂酸、6种多环芳烃、2种不饱和脂肪酸、4种其它有机物 10类,包括柴油车排放、汽油车排放、生物质燃烧、道路尘、二次硫酸盐、二次硝酸盐、二次铵盐、肉类烹饪、天然气燃烧、植物碎屑 PMF[53] SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、As、Ba、Br、Cu、Mn、Pb、Se、Ti、Zn、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe、OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、OP、EC1、EC2、EC3以及气体CO、SO2、NO、HNO3、NOx 9类,包括柴油车排放、汽油车排放、生物质燃烧、煤燃烧、道路扬尘、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、两类工业排放 表 5 胶州湾大气降水中不同离子来源的相对贡献[33]
Table 5. Relative contributions of different sources to ions of atmospheric precipitation in Jiaozhou Bay
离子
Ion species海盐源/%
Sea-salt source非海盐源 Non sea-salt source 地壳源/%
Crust source人为源/%
Anthropogenic sourceSO42− 7.1 1.3 91.6 NO3− 0 0.2 99.8 Cl− 96.2 0.3 3.5 Ca2+ 3.8 96.2 0 Mg2+ 56.6 43.4 0 K+ 7.0 93.0 -
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