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全氟化合物(polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)具有良好的疏水疏油性、高活性和热稳定性,被广泛应用于工业生产和民用成品制备[1]. 随着含氟产品的生产、使用和处理,PFASs被释放到周围的环境中. 同时,该物质具有环境持久性、远距离迁移性和生物蓄积性,使得其最终进入到整个生态系统中,作为一类持久性有机污染物对周围的生态环境和生物物种造成潜在风险[2-6]. 尽管国内外已经对传统的PFASs做出管控[7-8],但鉴于该类物质在生产过程中不可或缺,使得近些年氟化工生产商研制出更多的含氟替代品,用结构类似的以及短链的PFASs[9]代替传统PFASs来满足市场需求. 目前,已有研究表明,这类替代品同样具有环境持久性以及生物毒性,且在环境中已被大量检出[10].
工业生产排放是PFASs最主要的来源,目前,关于PFASs进入环境有两种猜想:一种是半挥发性、挥发性PFASs随大气运动远距离传输[11],另一种是水体环流带动离子态PFASs迁移[12]. 河流承载了来自工业生产过程中产生的PFASs,最终进入海洋中[13]. 所以,了解水环境中PFASs在水体与沉积物的分配机制对理解PFASs在环境中的迁移转化规律具有重要意义.
太浦河是连接东太湖和黄浦江的重要河段,是上海市重要的饮用水水源地之一,为上海市西南5区提供原水. 目前,太浦河的水质调查多围绕抗生素[14]、重金属[15]等展开,而对于PFASs在太浦河中的时空分布特征以及在沉积物和水中分配规律的了解非常有限. 大量研究表明,PFASs的碳链长度会影响沉积物的吸附量[16-17],沉积物本身的理化性质,如总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)[18-20]也会影响到水环境中PFASs的分配规律. 因此,研究PFASs链长以及太浦河中沉积物的TOC含量对PFASs在水环境中分布特征的影响,可以揭示PFASs在河流中的迁移转化规律.
本研究以传统、替代和短链的24种PFASs为研究对象,针对太浦河流域的水体和沉积物,于冬、夏两季采样并分析该河段重要点位的水体和沉积物样品中目标PFASs的污染水平和分布规律,研究该流域目标PFASs季节性变化规律,解析PFASs在太浦河不同介质中的归趋、分布特征和来源,不仅为饮用水安全风险评估提供数据,还可为控制PFASs的排放提供科学依据.
太浦河水体和沉积物中24种全氟化合物分布特征
Distribution characteristics of 24 perfluorocarbons in Taipu River and sediments
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摘要: 本研究以24种全氟化合物(polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)为研究对象,于冬、夏两季采集了太浦河流域重要点位的水样以及沉积物,并采用固相萃取、液液萃取联合高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC/MS-MS)的方法,探讨PFASs在太浦河流域水环境中的时空分布特征以及分配行为. 结果显示,水体中PFASs的总质量浓度范围在114.24—168.62 ng·L−1,主要的污染物为全氟丁酸(PFBA)和全氟辛酸(PFOA),平均浓度为24.92 ng·L−1和28.18 ng·L−1;沉积物中
$ \mathrm{\Sigma } $ PFASs在2.36—4.73 ng·g−1(dw,干重),主要的污染物为全氟十一酸(PFUdA)和全氟十二酸(PFDoA),平均浓度为0.78 ng·g−1(dw)和0.52 ng·g−1(dw). 水样的监测结果显示,各点位PFASs总浓度波动不大,仅在个别点位出现PFASs突增的情况. PFASs在太浦河流段没有明显的季节性差异,这与今年夏季降雨量少的情况有关. PFASs在沉积物-水的分配行为表明,PFASs在沉积物-水的分配系数与总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)的含量、PFASs碳链长度以及PFASs官能团结构有关. 短链PFASs主要存在于水体中,长链PFASs则主要分布在沉积物中;全氟磺酸类(PFSAs)较全氟羧酸类(PFCAs)更易吸附在沉积物中. 对PFASs来源解析发现:水体中PFASs的来源包括了外源输入和点源排放,夏季河体内PFASs主要受到大气远距离传输影响,冬季则与河道周围的工业活动有关.Abstract: In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and distribution behavior of 24 kinds of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the water environment of the Taipu River Basin were explored. Water samples and sediments from important points in the Taipu River Basin were collected in winter and summer. Solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) were employed to analyzed the target compounds. The results showed that the total mass concentration of PFASs in water ranged from 114.24 ng·L−1 to 168.62 ng·L−1. The dominant pollutants were perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), with average concentrations of 24.92 ng·L−1 and 28.18 ng·L−1 ; In the sediment, PFASs ranged from 2.36 ng·g−1 (dw) to 4.73 ng·g−1 (dw). The dominant pollutants were perfluorodecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluoro dodecanoic acid (PFDoA), with average concentrations of 0.78 ng·g−1 (dw) and 0.52 ng·g−1 (dw). The results of water samples showed that the total concentration of PFASs does not fluctuate much among most points, only a sudden increase occurred at individual points. There was no obvious seasonal difference in PFASs in the Taipu River section, which is related to the low rainfall in this summer. The distribution behavior of PFASs in sediment water showed that the distribution coefficient of PFASs in sediment water is related to the content of total organic carbon (TOC) of the sediment, the carbon chain length of PFASs and the functional group structure of PFASs. Short chain PFASs mainly exists in water, while long chain PFASs mainly in sediments; Compared to perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) are more easily adsorbed to sediments. The analysis of the source of PFASs shows that the source of PFASs in the water body includes external input and point source discharge. In summer, PFASs in the river is mainly affected by long-distance atmospheric transmission, and in winter, it is related to industrial activities around the river. -
表 1 实验所用标准品
Table 1. Standards used in the experiment
分类
Classification化合物
Compounds缩写
Abbreviation内部标准品
Internal standards碳链长度
Carbon chain length全 氟 羧 酸 类(PFCAs) 全氟丁酸 PFBA MPFBA 4 全氟戊酸 PFPeA M5PFPeA 5 全氟己酸 PFHxA M5PFHxA 6 全氟庚酸 PFHpA M4PFHpA 7 全氟辛酸 PFOA M8PFOA 8 全氟壬酸 PFNA M9PFNA 9 全氟癸酸 PFDA M6PFDA 10 全氟十一酸 PFUdA M7PFUdA 11 全氟十二酸 PFDoA MPFDoA 12 全氟及多氟聚醚羧酸类(PFECAs) 六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸 HFPO-DA M5PFHxA 5 全氟-4-恶戊二酸 PF4OPeA M8PFOA 4 全氟-5-氧代己酸 PF5OHxA M5PFHxA 5 全氟-3,6-二噁庚酸 3,6-OPFHpA M5PFHxA 5 4,8-二氧-3H-全氟辛酸钠 NaDONA M8PFOA 7 全氟磺酸类(PFSAs) 全氟丁烷磺酸盐 L-PFBS M3PFBS 4 全氟-1-戊烷磺酸钠 L-PFPeS M8PFOS 5 全氟己烷磺酸钾 PFHxSK M3PFHxS 6 全氟-1-庚烷磺酸钾 L-PFHpS M8PFOA 7 全氟辛烷磺酸钾 PFOSK M8PFOS 8 氟调聚醇类(PFOH) 氟调聚物磺酸盐 4:2 4:2FTS M8PFOS 6 氟调聚物磺酸盐 6:2 6:2FTS M8PFOS 8 氟调聚物磺酸盐 8:2 8:2FTS M8PFOS 10 全氟及多氟聚醚磺酸类(PFESAs) 9-氯十六氟-3-氧杂环己酮-1-磺酸钾 9Cl-PF3ONS M9PFNA 8 全氟烷基醚磺酸盐 PFEESA M6PFDA 4 表 2 太浦河1、7月份采样情况
Table 2. Sampling of Taipu River in January and July
采样时间
Sampling time水样
Water sample沉积物
Sediment1月January TPH1、TPH4—TPH10 — 7月July TPH1—TPH11 TPH1—TPH3、TPH8—TPH10 -
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