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纳米材料是指微观结构至少在一维方向上受纳米尺度(1—100 nm)调制的各种同体超细材料,其分类主要可分为无机材料和有机材料. 无机材料包括金属纳米材料(Ag、Zn、Al、Ti、Cu、Au、Fe、Ni、Sn等)、金属氧化物纳米材料(ZnO、CeO2、TiO2、Al2O3、CuO、Fe2O3、La2O3等)和量子点(QD),有机纳米材料是指基于脂质、蛋白、多糖及有机高分子聚合物的新型纳米材料[1],比如纳米纤维素、纳米聚四氟乙烯、富勒烯和碳纳米管等[2]. 由于其纳米尺寸效应,纳米材料与尺寸较大的材料相比具有特殊的物理和化学性质[3],因此,纳米材料越来越多地生产和应用于消费品、化学、医疗设备、信息技术和能源等领域[4],在不同纳米材料的制造和应用中,金属氧化物纳米材料(metal oxide nanomaterials,MONMs)占主要份额[5],而大规模的制造和生产会导致MONMs排放到环境中并对周围环境以及生物造成不利影响[6],从环境污染的角度来看,无机纳米材料尤其是MONMs,由于其高热电阻率以及催化生物系统中一系列化学过程的能力起到了主要作用[7]. 例如,Lv[8]、Chen[9]、Sundaria等[10]在土壤中种植的主要农作物(水稻、小麦、和玉米)体内均检测到了纳米Fe2O3和纳米ZnO金属氧化物纳米材料(metal oxide nanomaterials,MONMs),且这些MONMs在植物体内的浓度高于其在土壤中的浓度,表明释放到环境中的MONMs可以进入植物,并在植物体内进行累积. MONMs对生物体特别是植物的毒性,及其引起的环境生态风险和人体健康危害受到各界广泛关注,已成为当前研究前沿和热点之一.
植物作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,是MONMs运输和生物积累到食物链中的潜在途径[11],植物根系分泌物(root exudates, REs)是植物根毛或须根系统中分泌到根际的一些重要生物活性分子,主要包含粘液、糖、氨基酸、酶以及各种含碳初级代谢物和多种次级代谢物[12]. 值得注意的是,REs能够与MONMs发生相互作用,从而显著影响其在土壤生态系统中的归趋和毒性[13-14]. REs与MONMs接触会对MONMs表面进行修饰,影响其表面化学性质. MONMs吸附REs后其环境行为也会发生改变,从而影响毒性效应. 因而,REs修饰后MONMs的生物毒性及其生物有效利用性更应为公众所关注. 近年来,大多数研究工作聚焦于MONMs诱导的植物生物毒性及其对根系代谢的影响. 例如,向日葵暴露在纳米Fe2O3中5 d后,枝条中的常量营养素和根部功能都有所降低[15]. 然而,对于REs对于MONMs的交互作用研究还比较少,其在土壤系统中介导的MONMs植物毒性效应的研究零星和分散,亟需系统归纳和总结. 因此,为了更好的认识土壤中MONMs在环境中的生态健康风险,本文对MONMs的来源,REs与MONMs之间的界面相互作用以及MONMs在土壤环境中的植物效应进行全面而系统的归纳综述,并展望其未来发展趋势. 本综述补充关键的知识缺口,并就MONMs的生态健康风险以及它们在环境中的潜在应用提供了有价值的见解.
根系分泌物介导的土壤金属氧化物纳米材料对植物毒性作用的研究进展
Advances in phytotoxic effects of metal oxide nanomaterials mediated by root exudates in soils
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摘要: 金属氧化物纳米材料(metal oxide nanomaterials,MONMs)在生产生活中广泛应用,可通过各种途径进入到土壤中,对土壤生物(特别是植物)和人类健康造成威胁. 根系分泌物(root exudates,REs)作为植物与外界进行物质交流的媒介,能够与MONMs发生相互作用而影响其生物毒性,这对于评估土壤中MONMs生态健康风险具有重要的意义. 本文综述了土壤中MONMs的来源,并总结了REs与MONMs界面相互作用;着重介绍了REs介导下MONMs的植物毒性及其环境影响因素,并对未来的研究趋势进行展望. 本综述可对MONMs的生态健康风险及其在环境中的潜在应用提供理论依据.Abstract: Metal oxide nanomaterials (MONMs) are widely used in production and life. MONMs can enter the soil environment through various pathways, posing a threat to soil organisms (specially for plants) and human health. Root exudates (REs), as a medium for substance exchange between plants and the outside world, can interact with MONMs and then affect their biotoxicity, which plays a vital role in assessing the ecological health risk assessment of MONMs in soil. In this paper, we review the sources of MONMs in soil and summarize the interfacial interactions between REs and MONMs, highlighting the REs-mediated phytotoxicity of MONMs and the effects of environmental influencing factors, with the outlook on further future research trends. This review provides a theoretical basis for the ecological health risks and potential applications of MONMs in the environment.
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Key words:
- root exudates /
- metal oxide nanomaterials /
- phytotoxicity /
- soil /
- interface interaction
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