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全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acid,PFAAs)是指C—H键全部被C—F键所代替的烷基酸类人工合成化合物. 由于C—F键键能高达485 kJ·mol−1,PFAAs具有极强的化学稳定性、生物稳定性和热稳定性. 自20世纪50年代起,人们开始将其应用在消防、制造业等诸多行业中[1]. PFAAs相关产品在生产、使用、处置过程中,通过污水排放、地表径流、大气沉降等不可避免地被排放进入环境. 由于PFAAs的环境持久性、生物累积性、远距离迁移特性,已在全世界各种环境介质[2-5]、生物体[6]和人体内[7-8]陆续被检出. 研究表明[9-10],PFAAs具有致癌及神经、生殖毒性等,并具有内分泌干扰性. 由于PFAAs的高水溶性和难挥发性,水体成为其主要归趋之一[11]. 因此,了解PFAAs在水环境中的分布与含量具有重要意义,可为后续水中全氟烷基酸的控制与去除提供数据支撑.
有研究报道,长江下游干流水体中ΣPFAAs浓度为191 ng·L−1[12]、海河流域为174 ng·L−1[13]、太湖流域为229 ng·L−1[14],处于国内较高污染水平. 目前对黄河下游地区重要饮用水源地的引黄水库中PFAAs的污染水平鲜有报道. 黄河是我国的第二长河,流域及周边分布着众多水系,密集的工业群及频繁的农业活动,研究显示[15],黄河流域上游地表水水质较优,宁夏至山东沿线等中下游城市地表水水质较差. 黄河中游渭南—郑州段表层水样中ΣPFAAs含量为18.4—56.9 ng·L−1,PFAAs通量呈先降低后增加的趋势,表明上游及支流有污染源汇入[16]. 山东位于黄河下游,部分城市聚集着许多大型氟化工业园区和涉氟工业企业,与中上游相比,PFAAs的污染可能会更严重,并通过饮用水等暴露方式进入人体. 本研究采集了山东省19座引黄水库表层水,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用法检测分析了17种PFAAs污染水平及其分布特征,并开展了相关性分析和环境风险评价,初步了解了其污染特征.
黄河下游地区引黄水库表层水中全氟烷基酸的分布特征与风险评估
Distribution and risk assessment of Perfluoroalkyl acid in surface water of diversion reservoirs from the lower Yellow River
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摘要: 全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acid,PFAAs)具有环境持久性、生物富集性、潜在毒性等特点,其在水中的污染问题受到了全球各国普遍重视. 为探明黄河下游地区各地引黄水库水中全氟烷基酸的污染特征,先后于2021年丰水期和枯水期收集了十九座黄河下游地区山东段引黄水库的表层水,采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定了表层水中17种全氟羧酸和全氟磺酸的浓度,分析了全氟烷基酸的种类、含量及时空变化特征,开展了全氟烷基酸与水质参数的相关性分析并采用熵值法对典型全氟烷基酸进行了环境风险评价. 结果显示,所调查的十九座引黄水库表层水中可检出全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟己酸、全氟己烷磺酸和全氟庚酸,总质量浓度范围为1—55.7 ng·L−1;风险评估结果表明该流域内所调研的引黄水库表层水体中全氟辛酸等典型全氟烷基酸的风险熵值远低于1,污染水平尚未达到对生态环境造成风险的水平.Abstract: Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAAs) have attracted widespread attention owing to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. To explore the pollution characteristics of PFAAs in diversion reservoirs from the lower Yellow River, the surface water of 19 Yellow River diversion reservoirs in Shandong Province was collected in rainy and dry periods in 2021, respectively. The 17 perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonic acids in the surface water were determined by solid-phase extraction enrichment and high-throughput detection with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Perfluoroalkyl acids were analyzed for their composition, types, and spatial and temporal variation characteristics. The correlation analysis between PFAAs and water quality parameters, as well as entropy-based assessments of typical PFAAs, have been conducted in this study. The results showed that perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonates, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid and perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid were detected, and ∑PFAAs concentrations ranged from 1 ng·L−1 to 55.7 ng·L−1. Using environmental risk assessment, the results showed that the risk quotient was far lower than 1 for all samples. The PFAAs pollution level in the surface water of the Yellow River diversion reservoirs has not reached the level of risk to ecological environment.
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表 1 PFAAs基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of PFAAs detected in this study
类别
Category全称
Full name缩写
Abbreviation分子式
Molecular formulaCAS 全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs) 全氟丁酸 perfluorobutyric acid PFBA C4HF7O2 375-22-4 全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs) 全氟戊酸 perfluoropentanoic acid PFPeA C5HF9O2 2706-90-3 全氟己酸 perfluorohexanoic acid PFHxA C6HF11O2 307-24-4 全氟庚酸 perfluoroheptanoic acid PFHpA C7HF13O2 375-85-9 全氟辛酸 perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA C8HF15O2 335-67-1 全氟壬酸 perfluorononanoic acid PFNA C9HF17O2 375-95-1 全氟癸酸 perfluorodecanoic acid PFDA C10HF19O2 335-76-2 全氟十一烷酸 perfluoroundecanoic acid PFUnDA C11HF21O2 2058-94-8 全氟十二烷酸 perfluorododecanoic acid PFDoDA C12HF23O2 307-55-1 全氟十三烷酸 perfluorotridecanoic acid PFTrDA C13HF25O2 72629-94-8 全氟十四烷酸 perfluorotetradecanoic acid PFTeDA C14HF27O2 376-06-7 全氟十六烷酸 perfluorohexadecanoic acid PFHxDA C16HF31O2 67905-19-5 全氟十八烷酸 perfluorooctadecanoic acid PFODA C18HF35O2 16517-11-6 全氟烷基磺酸 (PFSAs) 全氟癸烷磺酸 perfluorodecane sulfonic acid PFDS C4HF9SO3 2806-15-7 全氟辛烷磺酸 perfluorooctanesulfonic acid PFOS C6HF13SO3 1763-23-1 全氟己烷磺酸 perfluorohexanesulfonic acid PFHxS C8HF17SO3 355-46-4 全氟丁烷磺酸 Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid PFBS C10HF21SO3 375-73-5 表 2 流动相梯度
Table 2. Mobile phase gradient
时间/min
Time初始
Initial1 6 7 8.5 8.51 10 A/% 65 50 30 10 10 65 65 B/% 35 50 70 90 90 35 35 表 3 17种PFAAs的质谱条件参数
Table 3. Mass spectrum parameters of 17 PFAAs
序号
Number全氟烷基酸名称
Name电喷雾离子源
Electron spray ionization母离子
Parent Ion m/z锥孔电压/ V
Cone voltage子离子
Daughter ion m/z碰撞能/ eV
Collision energy1 全氟丁酸
PFBA— 213 14 169* 10 125 12 2 全氟丁酸内标
MPFBA— 217 14 172* 10 — — 3 全氟戊酸
PFPeA— 263 14 219* 10 141 10 4 全氟丁烷磺酸
PFBS— 299 45 80* 30 99 28 5 全氟己酸
PFHxA— 313 14 269* 10 119 20 6 全氟己酸内标
MPFHxA— 315 14 270* 10 119 20 7 全氟庚酸
PFHpA— 363 14 319* 10 169 18 8 全氟庚烷磺酸
PFHxS— 399 56 80* 32 99 30 9 全氟庚烷磺酸内标
MPFHxS— 403 56 84* 32 103 30 10 全氟辛酸
PFOA— 413 14 369* 10 169 18 11 全氟辛酸内标
MPFOA— 417 14 372* 10 169 18 12 全氟壬酸
PFNA— 463 16 419* 10 169 20 13 全氟壬酸内标
MPFNA— 468 16 423* 10 169 20 14 全氟辛烷磺酸
PFOS— 499 60 80* 30 99 28 15 全氟辛烷磺酸内标
MPFOS— 503 60 80* 30 99 28 16 全氟癸酸
PFDA— 513 16 469* 10 169 22 17 全氟癸酸内标
MPFDA— 515 16 470* 10 169 22 18 全氟十一酸
PFUdA— 563 16 519* 11 169 24 19 全氟十一酸内标
MPFUdA— 565 16 520* 11 169 24 20 全氟癸烷磺酸
PFDS— 599 70 80* 50 99 34 21 全氟十二酸
PFDoA— 613 16 569* 12 169 24 22 全氟十二酸内标
MPFDoA— 615 16 570* 12 169 24 23 全氟十三酸
PFTrDA— 663 16 619* 12 169 28 24 全氟十四酸
PFTeDA— 713 18 669* 12 169 30 25 全氟十六酸
PFHxDA— 813 20 769* 12 169 30 26 全氟十八酸
PFODA— 913 20 869* 15 169 30 注: * 表示定量离子. *Represent quantitative ion. 表 4 不同研究区湖库水中主要PFAAs比较
Table 4. Comparison of PFAAs in surface water of lake reservoira from different regions
采样水体
Sampling waterPFOA/(ng·L−1) 参考文献
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