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土壤是地球生态系统的重要组成部分,它不仅为各种生物提供栖息的环境和必要的食物来源,而且在维持生态平衡方面也起着重要作用。然而,随着城市化和工业化的不断推进,各种人类活动如燃煤、采矿、电镀、施用化肥农药等,导致大量的污染物进入环境中,而土壤是主要的受体[1-4]。全球有1000多万个土壤污染位点,其中大部分污染是由人类活动造成的[5]。土壤污染物主要包括Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni等重金属和多环芳烃、有机农药、石油烃等有机污染物[6-8]。土壤污染物的种类越来越复杂,场地污染的类型也日趋多样化,根据土壤污染物的种类,土壤污染可分为重金属污染、有机污染以及重金属-有机复合污染。土壤污染具有富集性、长期性和隐蔽性的特点,许多污染物本身的化学结构稳定或者与土壤组分形成了稳定的配合物,因而难以自然降解,导致土壤生态环境随着时间的推移而逐渐恶化[9-10],一些土壤污染物还可以通过食物链危害食品安全和人类健康[6]。为了降低土壤污染对生态环境、人类健康和社会发展的负面影响,有必要采取一定的土壤修复措施。
土壤修复技术可分为物理修复、化学修复和生物修复(表1)。随着土壤修复行业朝着污染物减量化和经济、环境效益最大化方向发展的趋势,修复效果好、速度快、操作灵活的土壤淋洗技术受到越来越多的关注。土壤淋洗是化学修复中的一种,通过淋洗剂与土壤的混合,将污染物从固相转移到液相,从而减少土壤污染物总量[11-12]。土壤淋洗修复效果稳定,通过选取不同的淋洗剂和淋洗方式,淋洗技术可以应用于不同类型的污染土壤[13]。近20年来,关于土壤淋洗法去除重金属或有机污染物的文献数量不断增加。其中,重金属污染相关文献数量最多,占比超过40%;有机和重金属-有机复合污染相关文献增速较快(图1)。
本文介绍了不同种类淋洗剂的特性、污染物去除机理和适用的土壤污染类型,阐述了土壤淋洗技术的实施方式,综述了影响土壤淋洗的因素,并结合土壤淋洗技术的优缺点,对其在土壤修复领域的应用前景进行了展望,以期为相关研究提供参考。
淋洗技术在土壤污染修复中的应用与挑战
Application and challenge of washing technology in soil pollution remediation
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摘要: 土壤污染一般包括重金属污染、有机污染以及重金属-有机复合污染,具有富集性、长期性和隐蔽性的特点,给自然环境和人类社会带来了诸多负面影响。如何快速、高效地去除土壤污染物,在一定程度上恢复土壤的生态和经济功能,是土壤修复领域的热点和难点问题。土壤淋洗作为一种能够永久去除土壤污染物的技术,具有良好的发展前景,引起了学者们的广泛关注。本文对土壤淋洗的原理,淋洗剂的分类,土壤淋洗的实施方式以及影响土壤淋洗的因素等方面进行了综述,为淋洗技术在污染土壤修复中的应用提供理论基础。Abstract: Soil contamination generally includes heavy metal contamination, organic contamination, and the co-contamination of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Soil contamination tends to be accumulative, hidden, long-lasting, and poses negative effects on natural environment and human society. How to efficiently remove soil contaminants and restore its ecological and economic functions has been the research focus of soil remediation. Soil washing is a technology that can permanently remove pollutants from soil environment, and thus has a promising development prospect and attracted widespread research attention. This review summarizes the mechanisms of soil washing processes, the classification of washing agents, the implementation and the factors affecting the efficiency of soil washing, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the application of washing technology for remediating contaminated soils.
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Key words:
- soil contamination /
- soil washing /
- heavy metals /
- organic pollutants
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图 1 2001—2020年与重金属、有机污染物和重金属-有机复合污染研究相关的土壤淋洗论文数量数据基于Web of Science—Science Citation Index Expanded
Figure 1. The number of publications on soil washing in relation to heavy metal, organic pollutant, and co-contamination of heavy metal and organic pollutant from 2001 to 2020 Data were based on the Web ofScience—Science Citation Index Expanded
表 1 常用土壤修复技术
Table 1. Commonly used soil remediation techniques
类别
Category修复方法
Remediation technique原理
Principle优势
Advantage局限性
Limitation参考文献
Reference物理修复 客土法/
换土法将洁净土壤与污染土壤混合以降低污染物浓度/将洁净土壤
代替全部污染土壤。修复周期短,操作简便。 仅适用于小型污染场地的浅层土壤,成本较高。 [14-15] 热处理法 通过热效应,土壤温度升高
使污染物挥发。对挥发性土壤污染物去除效果
较好,可回收重金属。应用范围窄,能耗较高,可能导致大气污染。 [16-17] 电化学法 通过电场中离子的定向移动和
基于电化学的氧化还原反应
去除重金属和有机污染物。污染物去除效率高,修复速度快,对土壤性质扰动小。 不适合水分含量高的土壤和非均质土壤,能耗较高。 [18-20] 化学修复 固化/
稳定化法采用惰性物质包裹污染物,减少污染物与土壤的接触面积/向污染土壤中添加稳定剂降低污染物的迁
移和生物有效性。有效降低污染物的环境风险,修复成本低,操作简便,周期短。 污染物总量并未降低,修复效果不稳定,需长期监测。 [21-23] 淋洗法 淋洗剂在吸附、离子交换、配位络合等作用下提取土壤中的污染物。 能够实现对污染物的永久去除,修复周期短,对高浓度污染土壤具有良好的修复效果。 可能会带来二次污染,需考虑淋洗废水的处理问题。 [11-12] 氧化/还原法 采用氧化剂或还原剂与土壤中的
污染物发生氧化或还原反应。可降低土壤重金属环境毒性,有效去除有机污染物。 对土壤性质破坏程度较高。 [24-25] 生物修复 植物修复 通过植物的根际稳定和转运机制
去除污染物。修复成本低,操作简便,环境友好,无二次污染。 修复周期长,对光照、温度、污染物含量和土壤性质有一定要求。 [26-28] 微生物修复 通过微生物的吸附和代谢机制去
除污染物。[29-30] -
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