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大气细颗粒物(PM2.5,空气动力学当量直径≤ 2.5 μm的颗粒物)是近几十年来国际大气环境领域的研究热点[1-3]。其粒径小、比表面积大、易粘附有毒有害物进入呼吸道,是公认的对环境质量影响严重、对人体健康危害较大的空气污染物[4]。
固体燃料燃烧是PM2.5的重要来源[5-7]。在陕西省关中农村地区,冬季家庭取暖燃料燃烧排放是当地PM2.5的主要贡献源,也是冬季灰霾的重要推手[5-7]。该地区大多数农村居民冬季取暖仍使用固体燃料(煤炭、生物质秸秆、果树枝等),以老旧的传统炉灶作为燃料燃烧和取暖工具,无污染控制措施,导致燃料燃烧效率低、污染排放量大,最终导致当地农村室内外空气质量恶化,进一步危害当地居民的身体健康[2,8]。
糖类化合物是一种在大气颗粒物中广泛存在的有机物[9-10]。在大陆性气溶胶中,糖类化合物可占有机物质量的13%—26%,是大气颗粒物中水溶性物质的重要贡献者,对大气能见度和气候有着非常重要的潜在影响[9]。糖类化合物主要来自于生物质燃烧、农田耕作、土壤再悬浮等,其来源与陕西农村地区的主要大气污染源高度匹配[11]。无机元素是PM2.5的重要化学成分,虽然质量占比较小,但其中的有毒有害重金属元素(如Cr、Pb等)可通过呼吸途径进入人体,对人体的呼吸系统、心脑血管系统、免疫系统等造成损害[12-14]。此前在关中农村地区开展的系列研究显示了该地区PM2.5中碳组分、水溶性无机离子以及多环芳烃的污染特征[7],对于该地区PM2.5中的糖类和无机元素的特征研究仍鲜有报道。
因此,本文对陕西关中农村家庭冬季使用不同固体燃料取暖燃烧排放的室内外和人体暴露PM2.5中糖类和无机元素污染特征进行研究,并使用元素示踪法和主成分分析法对PM2.5进行了溯源工作,获得使用不同家用取暖燃料的家庭室内和人体暴露PM2.5的来源及对健康影响的差异,为改进当地农村居民的冬季取暖方式、加快清洁取暖改造进程及早日实现“碳达峰”做出一定贡献。
陕西关中农村室内外和人体暴露PM2.5中痕量组分特征、来源及健康风险
Characteristics, sources and health effect of trace components in indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to PM2.5 samples in rural areas of Guanzhong, Shaanxi
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摘要: 为探究农村冬季不同家用固体燃料燃烧排放的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的变化特征及来源,本研究于2018年1月11日—26日在我国西北陕西省关中地区蓝田县农村家庭进行了室内外和家庭主妇人体暴露PM2.5样品的同步采样及其中糖类和无机元素的分析,并对家庭主妇暴露于PM2.5中重金属的吸入健康风险进行评估,同时使用两种方法进行PM2.5来源解析研究。结果显示,人体暴露PM2.5样品中6种糖类的总浓度为(400 ± 582 )ng·m−3,分别是室内外样品的2.3倍和2.8倍。其中以左旋葡聚糖为代表物质的脱水糖类占总糖类组分的93%,其浓度在生物质煤炭混合燃料组(M组)中显著高于燃煤组(C组)。所测元素中,浓度最高的5种无机元素依次为Ca > K > S > Cl > Fe,占总测量元素质量的90%。Mn和Cr对当地居民分别具有不可忽视的非致癌和致癌健康风险。元素示踪法和主成分分析法(PCA)均显示陕西关中农村家庭取暖季最主要的PM2.5来源为生物质燃烧源、燃煤源和其他源,且相较于M组,C组PM2.5有更多的来自于煤炭燃烧的贡献。这一研究成果对推动当地农村居民的冬季取暖方式清洁改造提供科学依据,助力“碳达峰”目标。Abstract: In order to determine the characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from the combustion of different household solid fuels in winter in rural areas, indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously from January 11 to 26, 2018, in Lantian country, Guanzhong Basin, northwestern China. The inhalation health risks of heavy metals in personal exposure to PM2.5 samples were assessed and two methods were used for source apportionment of PM2.5 in this study as well. The total concentration of six carbohydrates in personal exposure to PM2.5 samples was (400 ± 582) ng·m−3, which were about 2.3 and 2.8 times higher than those of indoor and outdoor samples, respectively. Anhydro carbohydrates represented by levoglucosan accounted for 93% of the total carbohydrates, and the concentration of levoglucosan in the mixed fuel group (Group M) was significantly higher than that in the coal-fired group (Group C). The top five elements in PM2.5 were Ca, K, S, Cl, and Fe, accounting for 90% of the total measured elements. Mn and Cr showed non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to local residents, respectively. Element tracing analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) both showed that the main sources of PM2.5 in rural households in Guanzhong Basin were biomass burning, coal combustion, and others. Compared to Group M, PM2.5 in Group C contributed more from coal burning. The results provide a scientific basis for promoting the renovation of clean heating ways for local residents, and contribute to the goal of “peak carbon dioxide emissions”.
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Key words:
- PM2.5 /
- solid fuel combustion /
- carbohydrate /
- inorganic element /
- source apportionment
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表 1 采样期间气象数据
Table 1. Meteorological data during the sampling period
日期
Date温度/(°C)
Temperature相对湿度/%
Relative humidity风速/(m·s−1)
Wind speed2018.1.11—2018.1.13 1.30 72.0 0.43 2018.1.14—2018.1.16 1.61 79.3 0.63 2018.1.17—2018.1.19 2.03 66.4 0.52 2018.1.20—2018.1.22 2.02 78.2 0.49 2018.1.22—2018.1.25 1.63 78.3 1.72 2018.1.11—2018.1.25(M组采样期间) 1.65 74.4 0.70 2018.1.14—2018.1.25(C组采样期间) 1.82 75.6 0.84 表 2 有毒重金属呼吸暴露途径的RfD和SF值
Table 2. RfD and SF values of toxic heavy metals via the respiratory exposure
元素
ElementsV Mn Fe Cu Ba Pb Zn Cr Co Ni As RfD/[mg·(kg·d)−1] 5.0×10−3 1.4×10−5 0.70 4.0×10−2 0.20 3.5×10−3 0.30 — — — — SF/[(kg·d)·mg−1] — — — — — — — 42 9.8 0.84 15 表 3 不同燃料组PM2.5中糖类的浓度
Table 3. Carbohydrate concentrations in PM2.5 of Groups M and C
室内
Indoor室外
Outdoor人体暴露
Personal exposureM组 Group M C组 Group C M组 Group M C组 Group C M组 Group M C组 Group C PM2.5/(μg·m−3) 57±34 67±13 138±68 134±31 307±124 309±114 左旋葡聚糖
Levoglucosan/(ng·m−3)66±100 45±19 52±38 45±15 285±508 58±28 甘露聚糖
Mannosan/(ng·m−3)47±53 68±41 43±20 57±18 77±84 99±94 半乳聚糖
Galactosan/(ng·m−3)50±60 44±30 31±17 29±6.8 106±97 74±32 脱水糖类
Anhydro sugar/(ng·m−3)163±211 158±80 126±73 132±35 468±682 231±144 苏阿醇
Erythritol/(ng·m−3)3.7±5.2 2.9±0.51 2.8±2.6 3.6±3.2 6.0±11 1.7±1.0 阿糖醇
Arabitol/(ng·m−3)3.6±6.8 0.39±0.68 0.7±1.1 2.4±2.6 6.2±5.2 0.54±0.93 甘露糖醇
Mannitol/(ng·m−3)7.9±11 1.4±1.4 6.7±6.8 2.2±3.8 27±36 4.6±0.62 糖醇类
Sugar alcohol/(ng·m−3)15±23 4.7±1.0 10±10 8.1±8.0 39±48 6.8±1.4 总糖
Total carbohydrate/(ng·m−3)178±234 162±81 136±79 140±39 507±722 238±145 表 4 文献中不同类型生物质燃烧排放脱水糖类的比值[46-48]
Table 4. Ratios of anhydro carbohydrates emitted from different types of biomass combustion in previous literatures
生物质类型
Biomass type软木
Corkwood硬木
Hardwood农作物残渣
Crop residues稻草
StrawL/M 2.4—5.8 11—83 13—61 2.0—33 L/G 3.4—40 3.6—84 13—885 3.4—15 L/(M+G) 1.5—5.1 7.9—20 6.4—52 1.7—8.9 M/G 0.90—10 0.80—5.0 0.60—16 0.20—5.2 表 5 M组和C组各类样品脱水糖类的比值
Table 5. Ratios of anhydro carbohydrates in different samples of Groups M and C
室内
Indoor室外
Outdoor人体暴露
Personal exposureM组
Group MC组
Group CM组
Group MC组
Group CM组
Group MC组
Group CL/M 1.4 0.66 1.2 0.79 3.7 0.58 L/G 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.6 2.7 0.78 L/(M+G) 0.68 0.40 0.71 0.53 1.6 0.33 M/G 0.94 1.6 1.4 2.0 0.72 1.3 表 6 PM2.5中非致癌元素健康风险(HI)
Table 6. Health risk of non-carcinogenic elements (HI) in PM2.5
M组HQ
HQ of Group MC组HQ
HQ of Group CV 3.1×10−4 4.07×10−4 Mn 2.07 2.05 Fe 1.2×10−3 1.3×10−3 Cu 2.7×10−4 2.7×10−4 Ba 2.7×10−5 5.2×10−5 Pb 2.4×10−3 2.6×10−4 Zn 2.1×10−4 2.8×10−4 HI 2.08 2.06 表 7 PM2.5中致癌元素健康风险(ILCR)
Table 7. Health risk of carcinogenic elements (ILCR) in PM2.5
M组
Group MC组
Group CCr 2.0×10−4 2.2×10−4 Co 7.6×10−6 1.0×10−5 Ni 8.5×10−7 9.6×10−7 As 1.6×10−5 1.7×10−5 ∑ILCR 2.2×10−4 2.5×10−4 表 8 不同燃料组生物质燃烧源、燃煤源和其他源对PM2.5的贡献率
Table 8. The contribution of PM2.5 from biomass, coal burning, and other sources to PM2.5 in Groups M and C
室内
Indoor室外
Outdoor人体暴露
Personal exposureM组
Group MC组
Group CM组
Group MC组
Group CM组
Group MC组
Group C生物质源
Biomass burning42% 40% 44% 43% 52% 50% 燃煤源
Coal burning21% 27% 30% 33% 10% 10% 其他源
Other burning37% 33% 26% 24% 38% 40% 表 9 M组和C组人体暴露和室内PM2.5主成分分析a
Table 9. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PM2.5 in personal exposure and indoor samples in Groups M and Ca
M组 Group M C组 Group C 主成分1
Factor 1主成分2
Factor 2主成分3
Factor 3主成分1
Factor 1主成分2
Factor 2主成分3
Factor 3主成分4
Factor 4S 0.839 0.191 0.120 0.862 −0.038 0.252 −0.042 K 0.986 0.101 0.002 0.948 0.150 0.072 0.183 Ca 0.911 −0.136 0.025 0.923 0.211 −0.088 −0.083 Ti 0.948 −0.070 −0.114 0.924 −0.106 0.156 0.234 Mn 0.981 −0.033 −0.013 0.980 0.056 −0.085 −0.075 Fe 0.973 −0.069 −0.077 0.982 −0.099 0.033 0.051 As 0.950 0.104 0.039 0.748 −0.097 0.624 −0.122 Pb 0.899 0.128 0.025 0.451 −0.068 0.823 −0.212 左旋葡聚糖
Levoglucosan−0.052 0.910 −0.112 −0.095 0.900 0.094 0.133 甘露聚糖
Mannosan0.012 0.931 0.154 0.048 0.934 −0.080 −0.087 半乳聚糖
Galactosan0.232 0.894 0.161 0.201 0.758 0.112 0.454 苏阿醇
Erythritol−0.128 0.957 0.173 −0.197 0.365 0.843 0.179 阿糖醇
Arabitol−0.082 0.173 0.971 0.004 −0.305 0.545 0.555 甘露糖醇
Mannitol0.179 0.686 0.616 0.071 0.370 −0.099 0.811 方差贡献率
Variance contribution51% 31% 8% 45% 21% 15% 8% 累计贡献率
Cumulative contribution51% 82% 90% 45% 66% 81% 89% 源识别
Source recognition生物质燃烧源、
燃煤源和扬尘源生物质
燃烧源生物源 生物质燃烧源
和扬尘源生物质
燃烧源燃煤源 生物源 a:Varimax旋转主成分加载矩阵;a:Varimax rotation principal component loading matrix. -
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