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随着人口和能源需求的增长,电力在人类生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。化石能源的枯竭和不断加剧的气候变化推动了风能等清洁能源的发展与利用。2000年,全球风能发电量为3.1×1010 kW·h,占全球总发电量的0.2%。2020年,全球风能投资达7 430亿美元,发电量增长至1.596×1012 kW·h,增加了约50倍,占全球总发电量6%。到2050年,全球人口预计增长20亿,电能占终端能源消耗比例将从目前的20%增至50%,其中风能发电量将增长20%,在全球范围内促进了对风电场和电网的投资[1-2]。同时,区域经济和城镇化建设快速发展,推动全球人员和货物流动性不断增加,安全、生态友好的高速铁路成为发展大容量交通运输网络的重要趋势。全球各地区国家正在加速建设高速铁路网络作为城际连接的优先模式。预计至2030年,全球高速铁路流量将增加1倍[3]。
候鸟在不同区域栖息地之间进行远距离迁徙,与地球上不同生态系统、本地生物多样性和人类文化相关联,并提供生态系统服务[4]。在过去的30年,由于气候变化和人为干扰,全球主要迁徙路线中超过一半的候鸟数量减少[5]。风电场、电网和高速铁路的蓬勃发展增加了鸟类与人工设施的冲突,成为阻碍鸟类多样性保护的又一重要因素。美国每年因风电场死亡的鸟类大约有20 000~573 000只[6],因电网死亡(碰撞或触电)的鸟类大约有1 200万~6 400万只[7]。ELADIO et al[8] 研究得出,在每天有53和25班次的高速铁路区段,鸟类与列车相撞的概率分别为60.5和26.1只鸟/km·年。此外,风电场、电网和高速铁路可能成为鸟类飞行中的屏障,对鸟类造成种群水平的长期威胁[9]。
改革开放以来,我国经济高速增长,能源和交通运输需求不断增加,风能、电网和高速铁路发展势头强劲。我国地处亚洲鸟类迁徙路线的中心区域,是亚洲迁徙鸟类最重要的停歇地和越冬地,在非繁殖期肩负着维护亚洲鸟类多样性的重任[10]。基于国际上对风电场、电力线和高速铁路生态影响的相关研究和管理经验,本文阐述了我国风能、电网和高速铁路发展的现状和未来趋势,总结了风电场、电网和高速铁路建设对鸟类及其栖息地造成的影响,并提出了缓解这些影响的措施与建议。
优化风电场和电网布局以避免鸟撞
Optimizing layout of wind farms and power grids to avoid bird strikes
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摘要: 随着人口和能源需求的增长,全球对风能和电网的投资持续增加,高速铁路成为发展大容量交通运输网络的关键。改革开放以来,我国能源和交通运输高速发展,风电场、电网和高速铁路在全国范围内组网运行。然而,我国作为亚洲迁徙鸟类最重要的繁殖地、停歇地和越冬地,风电场、电网和高速铁路的建设增加了鸟类与人工设施的碰撞风险,影响了鸟类栖息地的完整性、功能性和连通性,从而对迁徙鸟类造成了长期的威胁。基于保护鸟类栖息地就是保护鸟类的思想,建议优化我国风电场、电网和高速铁路规划区域及项目设计布局,确保亚洲鸟类迁徙通道的安全。同时完善我国环境影响评价体制,对风电场、电网和高速铁路规划及项目实施开展充分的鸟情评估和长期的监测与管理。Abstract: With the increasing of population and energy demands, investments in wind energy and power grids continuely increase in the world. High-speed railways become a key to the development of high-capacity transportation networks. Since the reform and opening-up, the energy and transportation have developed with a high speed in China. As China is the most important staging and wintering ground of migratory birds in Asia, the construction of wind farms, power grids, and high-speed railways nationwide increased the collision risk of birds and influenced the integrity, functionality, and connectivity of bird’s habitats. Based on the idea that protecting bird’s habitat is protecting birds, the planning area and the layout of wind farms, power grids and high-speed railways in China were suggested to optimize to ensure the bird’s migration safety and to complete China’s environmental impact assessment system for a long-term monitoring and conservation of the bird diversity.
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Key words:
- wind farms /
- power grids /
- high-speed railways /
- bird migration /
- biodiversity /
- migration safety
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