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近年来,我国海水养殖业发展迅速。在养殖过程中投加的饲料和抗生素仅有少部分被生物吸收,而约有75%的营养物质[1]和60%~90%的抗生素[2]未被吸收利用而溶解或悬浮于海产养殖废水中。由此产生的海产养殖废水具有高盐含氮的特点,还含有各类抗生素。海产养殖废水总体上属于中低浓度氨氮废水,其过量排放会导致海洋生态系统的富营养化,并破坏水生动植物的生存环境[3]。海产养殖废水的高盐含量还会使渗透压急剧增加,从而导致细胞死亡[4]。废水中的抗生素还会抑制微生物的生长和活性,对污水处理系统的性能造成冲击。
恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)、土霉素(oxytetracycline,OTC)和磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMX)分别属于喹诺酮类(quinolones,QNs)、四环素类(tetracyclines,TCs)和磺胺类(sulfonamides,SAs)抗生素[5]。这些抗生素在海产养殖业中被广泛应用于预防和治疗疾病,以促进鱼类的生长[6]。在海产养殖废水及海洋环境中,抗生素已被广泛检出。在济州岛(韩国)和海陵岛(中国)的海产养殖区,海产养殖废水中土霉素的质量浓度最高达到了9.46和15.13 mg·L−1 [7]。由于含抗生素海水养殖废水的排放,在海水和海底沉积物中经常检测到高质量浓度(mg·L−1水平)的抗生素[8]。中国是世界上海产养殖规模最大的国家[9]。含抗生素高盐海产养殖废水的处理是我国海产养殖业的重要环节。在采用生物脱氮工艺处理海产养殖废水时,抗生素对工艺处理效果的影响是一个重要的考量。
厌氧氨氧化(anammox)是一种将氨氮和亚硝酸盐转化为氮气的高效生物脱氮工艺,具有耗氧少、产生污泥量小、废水处理成本低等优点[10]。海洋厌氧氨化菌(marine anammox bacteria,MAB)是厌氧氨氧化菌所在浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)中一个独特的分支,其仅存在于海洋环境中[11]。而浮霉菌门其余的厌氧氨氧化菌则为淡水厌氧氨氧化菌(fresh anammox bacteria,FAB)。MAB在海洋氮循环中起重要作用,其氮气产量约为整个海洋系统总量的50%[12]。FAB无法耐受高盐环境[13],而在盐度(质量分数,即溶解物质质量与海水质量之比)为0.5%~3.5%时,MAB仍能维持较高的生物活性[14],因此,MAB在高盐含氮废水的处理中具有独特优势。
本研究采用批试实验考察在高盐环境下(3.5%盐度)恩诺沙星、土霉素和磺胺甲恶唑3种抗生素的短期冲击对MAB脱氮性能的影响,并比较3种抗生素对MAB脱氮过程抑制程度的强弱,通过动力学模型拟合并分析抗生素胁迫下MAB脱氮性能的变化,为MAB处理含抗生素的海产养殖废水提供参考。
抗生素对海洋厌氧氨氧化菌处理海产养殖废水的短期冲击及脱氮动力学
Short-term impact of antibiotics on mariculture wastewater treament by marine anammox bacteria and the denitrification kinetics
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摘要: 为解决海产养殖废水中含有的高浓度盐分及多种抗生素对生物脱氮系统稳定性的冲击,研究了3种抗生素(恩诺沙星、土霉素和磺胺甲恶唑)短期冲击下,海洋厌氧氨氧化菌(MAB)处理海产养殖废水(盐度3.5%)时的脱氮抑制特性。结果表明:当抗生素质量浓度为250 mg·L−1时,首先观察到土霉素对MAB活性的明显抑制,总氮去除负荷从1.153 kg·(m3·d)−1降至1.067 kg·(m3·d)−1,而此时磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星没有对MAB产生明显抑制;当磺胺甲恶唑和恩诺沙星的质量浓度为500 mg·L−1和750 mg·L−1时,MAB脱氮过程出现了抑制,抑制程度分别为6.05%和4.25%;当质量浓度为1 000 mg·L−1时,恩诺沙星、土霉素和磺胺甲恶唑的抑制程度分别为15.68%、22.13%和55.44%。在盐度3.5%的高盐环境中,3种抗生素对MAB的短期抑制程度为:土霉素>磺胺甲恶唑>恩诺沙星。其中,土霉素对MAB的半抑制浓度为905.73 mg·L−1。Remodified Logistic模型和Modified Gompertz模型可用于分析抗生素胁迫下的MAB抑制过程。模型拟合预测的TNREmax值与实验结果一致,预测的Rmax值表明添加不同浓度的抗生素后都会降低MAB的最大基质去除速率。本研究可为厌氧氨氧化技术在海产养殖废水处理中的应用提供参考。Abstract: In order to solve the impact of high salinity in marine aquaculture wastewater and various antibiotics on the stability of biological nitrogen removal system on the stability of the biological nitrogen removal system, the denitrification inhibition characteristics of marine anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (MAB) in the treatment of marine aquaculture wastewater (salinity 3.5%) under short-term stress of three antibiotics (enrofloxacin (ENR), oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)) were studied. The results showed that when the antibiotic concentration was 250 mg·L−1, MAB was siginificantly inhibited by OTC, and the total nitrogen removal rate decreased from 1.153 kg·(m3·d) −1 to 1.067 kg·(m3·d) −1,while ENR and SMX did not significantly inhibit MAB. The inhibition of denitrificaion process of MAB was observed with 500 mg·L−1 SMX and 750 mg·L−1 ENR, and the inhibition degree was 5% and 6%, respectively. When the concentration was 1 000 mg·L−1, the inhibition degree of ENR, SMX and OTC was 15.68%, 22.13% and 55.44%, respectively. In the high salinity environment of 3.5%, the short-term inhibition degree of three antibiotics on MAB was as follows: OTC> SMX> ENR, and the semi-inhibitory concentration of OTC on MAB was 905.73 mg·L−1. The Remodified Logistic model and Modified Gompertz could be used to analyze the inhibition of MAB under antibiotics stress. The fitted TNREmax values were consistent with the experimental results, and fitted Rmax values indicated the maximum removal rates of MAB were suppressed by antibiotics. This study can provide reference for the application of anammox technology in the treatment of Marine aquaculture wastewater.
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表 1 Remodified Logistic模型和Modified Gompertz模型拟合所得的动力学参数
Table 1. Kinetic parameters fitted by Remodified Logistic model and Modified Gompertz model
抗生素质量浓度/
(mg·L−1)Remodified Logistic模型 Modified Gompertz模型 TNREmax/% Rmax/(%·h−1) λ/h R2 TNREmax/% Rmax/(%·h−1) λ/h R2 ENR-0 80.78 37.24 0.26 0.988 8 84.29 36.35 0.18 0.997 5 ENR-250 80.57 35.03 0.29 0.990 2 84.87 33.76 0.19 0.997 3 ENR-500 79.70 33.27 0.30 0.989 1 84.39 32.01 0.19 0.996 8 ENR-750 77.23 28.56 0.20 0.983 8 82.75 27.56 0.09 0.994 0 ENR-1 000 68.49 25.28 0.19 0.980 8 73.36 24.51 0.10 0.993 3 OTC-0 80.78 37.24 0.26 0.988 8 84.29 36.35 0.18 0.997 5 OTC-250 73.06 31.05 0.23 0.980 9 78.79 30.48 0.15 0.994 3 OTC-500 59.10 24.92 0.29 0.980 8 62.58 24.16 0.20 0.994 1 OTC-750 45.54 17.39 0.15 0.978 0 48.23 17.07 0.07 0.991 1 OTC-1 000 36.69 11.68 0.64 0.960 6 39.46 11.55 −0.02 0.977 8 SMX-0 82.01 36.56 0.22 0.989 2 85.63 35.89 0.14 0.996 2 SMX-250 80.31 33.18 0.20 0.988 7 84.58 32.37 0.11 0.995 1 SMX-500 76.35 29.44 0.20 0.987 3 81.48 28.40 0.10 0.993 6 SMX-750 68.69 26.18 0.25 0.988 3 73.60 25.21 0.15 0.995 5 SMX-1 000 63.60 22.28 0.21 0.987 2 68.90 21.37 0.09 0.992 9 -
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