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甲醛(HCHO)是一种典型室内空气污染物,主要来源于油漆、家具及建筑装修材料等[1]。2004年,甲醛已被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)列为人类致癌物(Ⅰ类)[2]。一般来说,人类的大部分时间是在室内度过的,难免会接触甲醛,而甲醛会引起过敏、恶心、肿瘤等各种健康问题。因此,有效去除室内空气中的甲醛是保护人类健康的迫切需要。目前,催化氧化甲醛技术,因具有高效、节能、环境友好等优点而备受关注[3]。因此,开发一种能在室温条件下将甲醛完全转化为CO2和H2O的高效催化剂,已成为目前面临的最大挑战。
目前,用于消除甲醛的催化材料主要分为过渡金属氧化物和贵金属催化剂。现已证明,能有效氧化甲醛的过渡金属氧化物及其复合物有MnOx、Co3O4和CeO2。如3D-Co3O4在130 ℃时甲醛的转化率达到了100%[4]。不同晶型结构MnOx催化剂完全氧化甲醛的温度为80~150 ℃[5]。MnOx-CeO2催化剂完全氧化甲醛的温度为100 ℃[6]。但是,多数过渡金属氧化物及其复合物在低温(<100 ℃)条件下对甲醛去除率仍然不高。近年来,多项研究表明,负载型贵金属催化剂在室温下完全氧化甲醛的性能表现优异。ZHANG等[7]报道,催化剂Pt/TiO2中碱金属(Li+、Na+和K+)的加入可以促进和稳定Pt高度分散,改善了催化剂的性能,2% Na-1% Pt/TiO2在15 ℃将甲醛完全氧化。在Au/CeO2催化剂作用下,甲醛可以在28 ℃被完全氧化[8]。与Pt系和Au系催化剂相比,Pd系催化剂价格低廉,其在室温下氧化甲醛的性能受到广泛关注。ZHANG等[9]报道,催化剂2% Na-1% Pd/TiO2中Na与Pd的强相互作用,有利于带负电荷Pd物种的形成,进而促进O2的吸附,该催化剂在25 ℃条件下甲醛的转化率接近100%。1% Pd/CeO2催化剂在22 ℃时能将甲醛完全氧化[10]。尽管如此,仍然需要开发高效、低Pd含量的催化剂,以降低其成本。
鉴于碱金属Na+能够促进贵金属的高度分数、改变贵金属的电荷效应,本研究选择Na+作为贵金属Pd的助催化剂,以γ-Al2O3作为载体,制备了系列Pd质量分数为0.5%的Pd-x% Na/Al2O3(x%表示Na的质量分数,分别为0、1%、2%和4%)催化剂,对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征,对催化剂室温下催化氧化甲醛性能进行了评价,为开发室温下治理空气中甲醛污染技术提供参考。
Pd-Na/Al2O3催化剂的表征及室温下催化氧化甲醛的性能
Characterization of Pd-Na/Al2O3 catalyst and its catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde at room temperature
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摘要: 为获得一种可在室温下完全氧化甲醛且价格较低的催化剂,选取商用的γ-Al2O3为载体,以价格相对较低的Pd为活性组分,以Na+为助剂,采用共浸渍法制备了一系列0.5% Pd-x% Na/Al2O3(x=0、1、2和4)催化剂。采用N2吸附脱附、XRD、H2-TPR、O2-TPD和XPS对催化剂物理化学性质进行了表征,对催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛性能进行了评价。结果表明:Pd与Na之间的协同作用促进了部分带负电荷Pd物种的形成,有利于O2物种的吸附;Pd与Na之间的强相互作用,显著改善了催化剂的低温还原性,促进了表面吸附氧活化,有利于催化氧化甲醛;0.5% Pd-2% Na/Al2O3催化剂具有较好的催化活性和良好的稳定性,在室温(25 ℃)下,甲醛体积分数为0.025%时,甲醛转化率为100%;连续使用60 h后,甲醛的转化率仍维持在99.0%以上。0.5% Pd-2% Na/Al2O3催化剂载体易得、Pd负载量低,合成工艺简单,催化氧化甲醛性能优异,有望成为一种去除室内甲醛的新型催化剂。上述结果可为室内空气中甲醛的催化氧化治理提供参考。Abstract: In order to obtain a catalyst that can completely oxidize formaldehyde at room temperature with a low price, a series of 0.5% Pd-x% Na/Al2O3 (x=0, 1, 2 and 4) catalysts with different mass fraction of Na were successfully prepared by co-impregnation method using commercial γ-Al2O3 as the support, low-cost Pd as the active component and Na+ as the promotor. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by various methods of N2 adsorption and desorption, XRD, H2-TPR, O2-TPD and XPS and evaluated the performance on HCHO catalytic oxidation at room temperature. The results showed that the synergetic effect between Pd and Na could lead to the formation of partial Pd species with negative charge, which enhanced O2 adsorption. Meanwhile, the strong interaction between Pd and Na significantly improved the low-temperature reducibility and promoted the activation of the surface chemisorbed oxygen, which was beneficial for the catalysis oxidation of HCHO. The catalyst with 0.5%Pd and 2% Na/Al2O3 had better catalytic activity and stability, which could lead to 100% HCHO conversion within initial volume fraction of 0.025% at 25 ℃; after 60-hour continuous usage, the HCHO conversion maintained above 99.0%. It has demonstrated that the 0.5% Pd-2% Na/Al2O3 is a promising potential catalyst for indoor removal of HCHO, due to its readily available catalyst support, the low Pd loading amount, the facile synthesis process, and excellent catalytic performance. This study provides a theoretical reference for the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde in indoor air.
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Key words:
- formaldehyde /
- catalytic oxidation /
- Pd /
- Na /
- synergetic interaction
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表 1 Pd-x% Na/Al2O3(x=0、1、2和4)催化剂和γ-Al2O3的结构性质
Table 1. Textural properities of Pd-x% Na/Al2O3(x=0, 1, 2 and 4)catalysts and γ-Al2O3
样品 SBET/(m2·g−1) 孔容/(cm3·g−1) 孔径/nm γ-Al2O3 208.85 0.526 6.46 Pd/Al2O3 204.99 0.513 6.61 Pd-1% Na/Al2O3 185.52 0.509 8.11 Pd-2% Na/Al2O3 168.74 0.504 8.57 Pd-4% Na/Al2O3 153.29 0.480 9.06 -
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