-
高浓度硝态氮废水来源广泛,其中大部分源于工业废水。例如,化肥加工厂产生的废水中硝态氮浓度可达950 mg·L−1[1];在核工业处理放射性金属制品过程中,通常也会产生高浓度硝态氮废水[2]。此外,采用物化法处理低浓度硝态氮废水时产生的浓缩液,也是其来源之一。例如,离子交换法产生的脱附液[3]、NF浓缩液与RO浓缩液[4]等。在利用能够彻底去除氮素的生物法处理此类废水时,反硝化过程会消耗大量碳源,甲醇、乙酸和葡萄糖等传统外加碳源会带来高昂的成本问题[5],且容易出现 pH升高过快和NO2−-N积累现象[6]。因此,可采用新型外加碳源来代替传统碳源。垃圾渗滤液原液就是其中之一,但却不可避免地引入了大量难降解有机物和重金属离子等。然而,针对浓度比原液较低但碳源依旧可观的前处理垃圾渗滤液作为反硝化外加碳源的研究则鲜有报道。
国内外在垃圾渗滤液处理方面的技术还处在不断发展和研究的阶段。随着人民生活水平的改善,城市生活垃圾的产量迅速增加[7],现有的NF、反渗透、活性炭吸附等深度处理工艺,由于结构复杂、成本高昂,导致其处理能力跟不上垃圾渗滤液的产生速度,不能及时处理经过前序工艺所带来的初级处理液。因此,寻求合理处置前处理垃圾渗滤液(pretreated landfill leachate,PLL)的途径意义重大[8]。相对于垃圾渗滤液原液,前处理垃圾渗滤液的成分复杂度降低,大分子有机物、重金属离子等有毒物质含量大大减少,TN和COD也得到一定的去除[9-10];同时,PLL中所含的短链脂肪酸 (SCFA)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)等快速可生物降解有机物(属于第一类基质)[11-12],可为反硝化过程提供更易于微生物同化的碳源物质。
本研究以无水乙酸钠和PLL为混合碳源,对比在不同PLL添加比例条件下,活性污泥处理高浓度硝态氮时的反硝化特性,结合实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术及16S rDNA测序分析,揭示了活性污泥系统内部微生物结构特征和功能基因与系统反硝化效能之间的关系,以期为处理高浓度硝态氮废水选择经济高效的外加碳源提供技术参考,并深入探究前处理垃圾渗滤液的高效利用模式。
添加前处理垃圾渗滤液污泥反硝化效能及微生物学分析
Denitrification efficiency and microbiological analysis of sludge with addition of the pretreated landfill leachate
-
摘要: 以探究前处理垃圾渗滤液作为去除高浓度硝态氮外加碳源的可行性为目的,建立SBR系统R0、R1(分别以无水乙酸钠、前处理垃圾渗滤液+无水乙酸钠作为碳源),采用模拟高浓度硝态氮废水培养获得快速高效反硝化活性污泥,考察了其脱氮效能并进行了分子生物学分析。结果表明:在PLL添加体积分数为10%时,R1系统在2.5 h内可将硝态氮几乎完全去除,反硝化速率高达58.05 mg·(g·h)−1,是R0系统的1.79倍;16S rDNA扩增子测序结果显示,R0、R1反应器内微生物种群类别较为相似,丰度位于前3位的优势反硝化菌分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和Pannonibacter,但相对丰度存在差异;经qPCR测定,实验组R1中反硝化基因narG、nirK、nirS和norB的相对表达量显著高于对照组R0。前处理垃圾渗滤液作为外加碳源可以提高污泥反硝化活性。Abstract: In order to explore the feasibility of pretreated landfill leachate (PLL) as an additional carbon source for the removal of high concentration nitrate nitrogen, SBR system R0 and R1 were established(R0: anhydrous sodium acetate carbon source; R1: PLL + anhydrous sodium acetate carbon source). Efficient denitrifying activated sludge was obtained through cultivation with the simulated high concentration nitrate nitrogen wastewater and PLL addition from anaerobic biofilter. Then its denitrification efficiency was investigated, and the molecular biological was also analyzed. The results showed that nitrate nitrogen could be almost completely removed within 2.5 hours in R1 system at PLL addition volume fraction of 10%, and the denitrification rate reached 58.05 mg·(g·h)−1, which was 1.79 times of R0. 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the microbial population structure of R0 and R1 reactors were comparatively similar. The dominant denitrifying bacteria in the first three abundances were pseudomonas, thauera and pannonibacter, but their relative abundances were different; The results of qPCR showed that the relative expression of denitrification genes narG, nirK, nirS and norB in experimental group R1 was significantly higher than that in control group R0. PLL as an additional carbon source could promote the sludge denitrification activity.
-
表 1 前处理垃圾渗滤液掺入比和乙酸钠投加量
Table 1. Mixing ratio of pretreated landfill leachate and sodium acetate dosage
PLL添加体
积分数/%乙酸钠投加量/g C/N=2.5 C/N=3.2 C/N=4.5 C/N=5.0 C/N=5.6 C/N=6.1 0 1.79 2.29 3.21 3.50 4.00 4.36 5 1.65 2.15 3.07 3.36 3.86 4.22 10 1.51 2.01 2.93 3.22 3.72 4.08 15 1.37 1.87 2.79 3.08 3.58 3.94 20 1.23 1.73 2.65 2.94 3.44 3.80 25 1.09 1.59 2.51 2.80 3.30 3.66 -
[1] ZALA S L, AYYER J, ANJANA J. Nitrate removal from the effluent of a fertilizer industry using a bioreactor packed with immobilized cells of Pseudomonas stutzeri and Comamonas testosteroni[J]. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2004, 20(7): 661-665. [2] BIRADAR P M, DHAMOLE P B, NAIR R R, et al. Long-term stability of biological denitrification process for high strength nitrate removal from wastewater of uranium industry American Institute of Chemical Engineers[J]. Environmental Progress, 2008, 27(3): 365-372. doi: 10.1002/ep.v27:3 [3] SAITUA H, GIL R, PADILLA A P. Experimental investigation on arsenic removal with a nanofiltration pilot plant from naturally contaminated groundwater[J]. Desalination, 2011, 274(1/2/3): 1-6. [4] SONG H, ZHOU Y, LI A, et al. Selective removal of nitrate from water by a macroporous strong basic anion exchange resin[J]. Desalination, 2012, 296(13): 53-60. [5] 杨敏, 孙永利, 郑兴灿, 等. 不同外加碳源的反硝化效能与技术经济性分析[J]. 给水排水, 2010, 46(11): 125-128. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8471.2010.11.032 [6] YANG X P, WANG S H, ZHOU L X. Effect of carbon source, C/N ratio, nitrate and dissolved oxygen concentration on nitrite and ammonium production from denitrification process by Pseudomonas stutzeri D6[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 104(2): 65-72. [7] 熊建英, 郑正. 垃圾填埋场渗滤液溶解性有机质特性及其去除技术综述[J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(1): 44-53. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.01.2014033001 [8] 袁敏, 周琪, 杨殿海, 等. 垃圾渗滤液为碳源时A2/O法的脱氮除磷研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2008, 24(11): 27-29. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4602.2008.11.008 [9] KACZOREK K, LEDAKOWICZ S. Kinetics of nitrogen removal from sanitary landfill leachate[J]. Bioprocess Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2006, 29(5/6): 291-304. [10] 欧阳科, 黎丽华, 陈媛, 等. 膜生物反应器(MBR)处理垃圾渗滤液的脱氮研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2011, 20(4): 706-710. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2011.04.021 [11] PAVAN P, BATTISTONI P, FAVA G. Biowaste fermentation and phosphor us crystallization as a way to improve the reliability of the BNR processes[J]. Water Environment & Technology, 1996, 20(4): 131-140. [12] SANS C, MATA-ALVAREZ J, CECCHI F, et al. Volatile fatty acids production by mesophilic fermentation of mechanically sorted urban organic wastes in a plugflow reactor[J]. Bioresource Technology, 1995, 51(1): 89-96. doi: 10.1016/0960-8524(95)95866-Z [13] 国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002. [14] ELEFSINIOTIS P, WAREHAM D G. Utilization patterns of volatile fatty acids in the denitrification reaction[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2007, 41(1/2): 92-97. [15] ELEFSINIOTIS P, WAREHAM D G, SMITH M O. Use of volatile fatty acids from an acid-phase digester for denitrification[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2004, 114(3): 289-297. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.02.016 [16] 刘沛然. Ca2+、Mg2+对垃圾渗滤液厌氧生物处理及微生物群落的影响研究[D]. 合肥: 安徽建筑大学, 2017. [17] 梅林玲, 于静洁, 张燕, 等. 难降解有机污染物的共代谢研究进展[J]. 天津城建大学学报, 2018, 24(6): 423-429. [18] MENG X, XIANG Y Y, HENG J G, et al. Effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the cometabolism of phenol and phenanthrene by a novel Chryseobacterium sp.[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019, 273: 56-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.087 [19] 周梦娟, 缪恒锋, 陆震明, 等. 碳源对反硝化细菌的反硝化速率和群落结构的影响[J]. 环境科学研究, 2018, 31(12): 2047-2054. [20] YAN Y L. Structural and functional analysis of denitrification genes in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501[J]. Science China Life Sciences, 2005, 48(6): 585-592. doi: 10.1360/062005-45 [21] QIAO N H, XI L J, ZHANG J J. Thauera sinica sp. nov.: A phenol derivative-degrading bacterium isolated from activated sludge[J]. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2017, 111(6): 945-954. [22] 王艳青. Pannonibacter sp. W1降解对氨基苯磺酸的特性研究[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2009. [23] ELENA S G, TATJANA N Z, TATJANA P T. Anoxynatronum sibiricum gen. nov., sp. nov. alkaliphilic saccharolytic anaerobe from cellulolytic community of Nizhnee Beloe (Transbaikal region)[J]. Extremophiles, 2003, 7(3): 213-220. doi: 10.1007/s00792-002-0312-5 [24] SUN Y L, LI A, ZHANG X N, et al. Regulation of dissolved oxygen from accumulated nitrite during the heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification of Pseudomonas stutzeri T13[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015, 99(7): 3243-3248. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-6221-6 [25] PINTATHONG P, RICHARDSON D J, SPIRO S, et al. Influence of metal ions and organic carbons on denitrification activity of the halotolerant bacterium, Paracoccus pantotrophus P16 a strain from shrimp pond[J]. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 2009, 12(2): 1-11.