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随着我国高校实验室种类和规模不断扩大,实验产生的污水量逐渐增加[1]。实验室污水具有成分复杂、危害大、间歇性排放、排水量无明显规律的特点,对环境的污染问题也日益严重[2]。目前,实验室污水常规的处理方法主要包括物理处理、化学处理、生物处理[3]。物理处理存在能耗高、废水处理量小等缺点,化学处理过程中会产生二次污染和处理成本较高的问题[4-5]。传统生物处理是利用活性污泥法、生物转盘法和生物膜法等处理污水,该方法存在污泥膨胀、处理效果不稳定等缺点[6]。悬浮填料生物膜反应器(MBBR)是集活性污泥法和生物转盘法优点于一体的新型生物膜反应器,可以高效、稳定地处理成分复杂的污水[7]。
MBBR具有抗冲击负荷能力较强,处理效果稳定,微生物量大等优点[8]。贾方明[9]利用MBBR在14~18 ℃水温处理北方地区生活污水,当DO=4.5 mg·L−1,出水氨氮去除率最高达到65%;当DO=2.0 mg·L−1时,出水总氮和总磷去除率分别为45.2%和58.2%,对于低温环境处理北方生活污水具有较大帮助。庄海峰等[10]采用缺氧/好氧MBBR处理煤化工废水,硝态氮/亚硝态氮混合液回流比200%,最佳HRT=12 h,出水COD、氨氮、总氮去除率分别达到68.1%、84.0%、74.7%,出水达到国家一级A排放标准,出水酚类化合物的数量和种类分别减少了84.4%和54.5%。李月等[11]采用MBBR处理低浓度氨氮(2 mg·L−1)养殖废水,MBBR在水力停留时间为6~8 min和曝气量为180 L·h−1的条件下氨氮去除率可达到70%~75%,氨氮去除负荷为560~700 g·(m3·d−1),能高效地处理低浓度氨氮养殖废水。
MBBR作为污水处理的新技术,目前研究主要集中于MBBR处理生活污水和工业废水,而对实验室污水的处理效果,尤其是环境因子影响下生物膜细菌群落变化的研究则较少[12]。本研究构建了2个相同的MBBR,在秋冬季节处理实验室污水,并监测系统的Tw、DO和pH,探究MBBR水质COD、
${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N处理效果以及生物膜细菌群落的动态变化,分析出水水质波动和细菌群落变化之间的相关性。
悬浮填料生物膜反应器细菌群落季相更替对处理效果的稳定作用
Stabilizing effect of seasonal alternation of bacterial communities on the effluent qualities in moving bed biofilm reactor
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摘要: 针对生物实验室污水处理难度高及其秋冬季节达标率低的问题,采用改进工艺的悬浮填料生物膜反应器(moving bed biofilm reactor, MBBR)进行连续处理,观察秋冬季节MBBR水质处理效果,利用高通量测序技术研究环境因子水温(Tw)、溶解氧(DO)、pH对生物膜细菌群落更替的影响以及主要微生物种群变化。结果表明,Tw由26 ℃下降到10 ℃期间,反应器COD、
${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$ -N去除率仍然分别保持在75%、80%左右,MBBR出水稳定在一级A标准。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)是生物膜主要优势菌门,Tw的下降引起拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著升高。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)在低Tw下成为优势菌属,动胶菌属(Zoogloea)相对丰度保持稳定。通过冗余分析(RDA)发现,DO与短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、pH与脱氯单胞菌(Dechloromonas)、固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)具有显著正相关性,Tw与假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属具有显著负相关性。MBBR结果揭示,细菌群落动态更替是MBBR出水水质仍然保持稳定的重要原因。-
关键词:
- 悬浮填料生物膜反应器 /
- 生物实验室污水 /
- 高通量测序 /
- 细菌群落 /
- 相对丰度
Abstract: Biological laboratory wastewater is complicate and the effluent quality of its common treatment process is fluctuant during autumn and winter. An innovated moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was used to continuously treat this wastewater, and its treatment effects were detected in autumn and winter. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to explore the effects of environmental factors, such as water temperature (Tw), dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH, on alternation of bacterial communities, as well as the change of dominant genus. Results showed that when the system temperature drops from 26 ℃ to 10 ℃, the removal rates of COD and${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N were above 75% and 80%, respectively, and the effluent quality of MBBR met the first-level A standard. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes were the main dominant bacteria of biofilm, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased significantly with the decline of temperature. Similarly, Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium finally became the dominant genus at low temperature, while the proportion of Zoogloea remained stable accordingly. Furthermore, Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that DO was significantly positively correlated with Brevundimonas, pH was significantly positively correlated with Dechloromonas or Azoarcus, while Tw was negatively correlated with Pseudomonas or Flavobacterium. These results revealed that the dynamic alternation of bacterial community might be the key reasons for keeping stable effluent of MBBR. -
表 1 MBBR样品OTU数和Alpha多样性指数变化
Table 1. OTUs and Alpha diversity analysis of MBBR samples
检测指标 1号MBBR 2号MBBR 9月 10月 11月 12月 9月 10月 11月 12月 有效序列 48 133 53 624 39 107 55 201 58 959 62 497 39 759 53 369 OTUs/个 1 047 990 1 034 1 441 1 494 1 460 925 1 654 覆盖率/% 98.77 98.85 99.05 98.41 98.35 97.98 98.94 99.97 Chao1 1 058 990 1 181 1 659 1 494 1 460 925 2 052 Shannon 7.37 6.74 7.85 7.55 8.04 7.99 7.58 7.95 -
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