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随着我国食品加工[1]、造纸[2]等行业的快速发展,含糖废水的排放负荷不断增加,仅在 2016 年,全国含糖废水排放量就达到了2.73×109 t[3]。含糖废水通常包含单糖、多糖、聚糖等物种,其在水体中呈现色度高、有机物浓度大、难降解等特征,如不经过处理直接排入水体,会对水环境和人体健康造成威胁。目前处理含糖废水的主要方法有吸附法[4]、生物法[5]、絮凝沉淀法[6]、化学氧化法[7]等。吸附法是使用吸附剂(活性炭等)利用其多孔结构吸附含糖废水中的糖类大分子,从而降低色度与化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD),然而富含浓缩污染物的吸附剂难以脱附再生,如处理不当会造成环境二次污染[8]。生物法对实际含糖废水中高浓度难生化降解有机污染物的处理效果极其有限,且生物法处理周期长,对环境温度要求高[9]。因此,高效、环境友好型水处理技术的探索对于实际含糖废水达标排放处理具有重要意义。
絮凝沉淀法是在含糖废水中加入絮凝剂以吸附架桥和电中和方式与糖类大分子等发生分子间作用形成大颗粒絮体从而使之沉降[10]。JABIN等[11]使用聚酰胺基阳离子聚电解质处理制糖工业中的废水,在表氯醇与二苯胺摩尔比为1.5∶1时,加入2 mg·L−1的PE-2(环氧氯丙烷与二苯胺的摩尔比为1.5∶1)后,对COD的去除率达94.8%。此外,LI等[12]采用聚合氯化铝絮凝方法作为预处理以降低焦化废水中40.1%的COD,减小后续膜蒸馏过程中膜污染发生的可能性。有研究表明,絮凝沉淀法可高效去除实际废水中的悬浮物、胶体以及大分子有机污染物,然而对一些小分子可溶性有机污染物(如脂类、酸类等)去除效果较差[13]。因此,为实现实际废水的达标排放,往往需要大幅度提高化学絮凝药剂的投加量,这无疑增加了处理成本,也为后续大量生成的化学污泥处理带来困难。
基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术起步较晚,但因具有以下特性而备受关注:过硫酸盐在外部能量作用下可将O—O键断裂,从而生成具有强氧化性的硫酸根自由基(
$ {\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{-}} \cdot $ , E0=2.5~3.1 V),$ {\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{-}} \cdot $ 相比较于Fenton反应生成的羟基自由基($ \cdot \rm{OH} $ )半衰期长达30~40 μs;过硫酸根离子与天然有机物反应较少,在实际废水中具有较好的稳定性,作用时效性更长[14]。秦文欣等[15]使用多巴胺和聚乙烯亚胺共沉积制备出PDA/PEI@PP材料能够协同Fe2+催化过硫酸盐,当Fe2+初始浓度为0.5 mmol·L−1时,在90 min内对酸性红B的降解率为98%。然而,单一过硫酸盐氧化过程中生成的含氧活性物种对于一些高浓度大分子有机污染物(聚合糖类等)去除效果较差[16],这一定程度上限制了其在处理复杂实际水体中的应用。基于上述单一絮凝沉淀法和过硫酸盐氧化法的技术局限性,构建絮凝耦合过硫酸盐氧化体系来处理实际、复杂废水是研究者们常用的方法。例如,LUO等[17]首先使用质量浓度均为500 mg·L−1的聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)与聚合氯化铝(polyaluminum chloride, PAC)处理提取油气时的返排和采出水,再添加质量浓度均为40 mg·L−1的Fe0与C以及30 mmol·L−1的过硫酸盐,在pH为3的条件下,使总有机物去除率达95.7%,悬浮固体去除率达92.4%,色度去除率达97.5%。目前关于絮凝耦合过硫酸盐氧化体系的研究,主要集中在单一絮凝或氧化过程中新型絮凝剂或催化剂的研发,污染物转化路径及降解机理的探究对于絮凝耦合过硫酸盐氧化体系的构建与优化非常关键,但相关的研究非常缺乏。
本研究以实际、复杂难降解废水为研究对象,首次构建出处理含糖废水的絮凝耦合过硫酸盐氧化体系,通过对单一絮凝体系和过硫酸盐氧化过程关键影响因子的探究,例如助凝剂、复合絮凝剂、氧化剂投加量等,构建出可同步高效去除实际、复杂含糖废水中COD和色度的耦合技术体系,基于紫外全波长扫描和GC-MS分析,揭示实际含糖废水在耦合体系中污染物转化路径,以期为实际、复杂含糖废水的达标排放提供现实可行的新方法,并为深入理解絮凝耦合过硫酸盐氧化体系中污染物转化机理提供参考。
絮凝耦合过硫酸钠氧化处理实际含糖废水
Treatment of actual sugar-containing wastewater by flocculation coupled with sodium persulfate oxidation
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摘要: 含高浓度污染物和色度实际含糖废水的高效处理一直是水处理领域的难点。针对单一絮凝沉淀和过硫酸钠氧化体系的技术局限性,首次构建了絮凝耦合过硫酸钠氧化体系,同步实现了对废水中COD和色度的高效去除,并深入探究了污染物的转化机理。结果表明:在最佳实验条件下,絮凝耦合过硫酸钠氧化体系对实际含糖废水中COD的去除率高达 95.74%,色度去除率高达96%。紫外全波长扫描和GC-MS分析结果表明,絮凝沉淀过程优先去除不含发光基团的大分子聚合物、长链烷烃等有机污染物,含发光基团的大分子有机污染物部分被去除;在后续过硫酸钠氧化过程中,实际废水中含发光基团的大分子有机污染物几乎被彻底去除,小分子有机污染物得到高效去除。本研究可为复杂的实际含糖废水的达标排放提供参考。Abstract: The efficient treatment of actual sugar-containing wastewater with high concentration of pollutants and chroma has always been a difficulty in the field of water treatment. In view of the technical limitations of the single flocculation sedimentation and sodium persulfate oxidation system, the flocculation coupling sodium persulfate oxidation system was constructed for the first time, which simultaneously realized the efficient removal of COD and chroma in wastewater, and the transformation mechanism of pollutants was deeply explored. The results showed that under the optimal experimental conditions, the removal rates of COD and chroma in the actual sugar-containing wastewater by the flocculation-coupling sodium persulfate oxidation system were 95.74% and 96%, respectively. The results of UV-wavelength scanning and GC-MS analysis showed that the organic pollutants such as macromolecular polymers and long-chain alkanes without luminescent groups were preferentially removed by the flocculation and precipitation process, and the macromolecular organic pollutants with luminescent groups were partially removed. In the subsequent sodium persulfate oxidation process, the macromolecular organic pollutants containing luminescent groups in the actual wastewater were almost completely removed, and the small molecular organic pollutants were effectively removed. This study can provide a reference for the complex actual sugar-containing wastewater meeting the national discharge standards.
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表 1 原水与耦合体系处理后废水中物质分析
Table 1. Analysis of substances in raw wastewater and treated wastewater by the coupled system
组分 分子式 保留时间/min 原水中物质相对含量/% 耦合体系处理水样后 去除率/% 甲酸丁酯 C5H10O2 3.965 — 存在 0 乙酸,1-甲基丙酯 C6H12O2 4.576 2.21 不存在 100 甲苯 C7H8 4.776 0.46 存在 48.32 乙酸丁酯 C6H12O2 6.290 47.59 不存在 100 对二甲苯 C8H10 6.560 0.05 不存在 100 乙苯 C8H10 7.377 4.92 不存在 100 丁二酸二甲酯 C6H10O4 11.216 0.11 存在 37.22 1,2,4,5-四甲基苯 C10H14 13.249 0.26 不存在 100 十七烷 C17H36 13.439 0.04 不存在 100 1,8-二甲基萘 C12H12 17.306 0.03 不存在 100 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 C16H22O4 23.212 8.51 不存在 100 柠檬酸丁酯 C18H32O7 25.583 0.85 存在 41.42 9-十八碳酰胺,(z) C18H35NO 27.035 2.80 存在 90.74 十八酰胺 C18H37NO 27.222 0.77 不存在 100 油酸甘油酯 C18H33N 27.930 1.22 存在 43.94 三十四烷 C34H70 28.629 0.20 不存在 100 芥酸酰胺 C22H43NO 30.128 27.17 不存在 100 二十九烷 C29H60 32.519 0.19 不存在 100 1,1'-双萘 C20H14 33.345 0.32 不存在 100 二甲基砜 C20H14O2S 34.475 2.30 不存在 100 -
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