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氯消毒被广泛用于世界各地的饮用水输配系统[1]。氯消毒可杀死各种病原微生物,防止水致疾病的传播,是保障人群身体健康的一种有效手段。然而,氯是一种化学氧化剂,在氯消毒过程中,它会与水中的天然有机物发生反应形成消毒副产物,其中最常见的是三卤甲烷和卤代乙酸,消毒副产物可能导致膀胱癌等疾病[2]。
在饮用水输配过程中,管网铁腐蚀和腐蚀产物的释放与饮用水水质直接相关。尽管全球多地已开始将老旧无内衬铸铁管更换淘汰,但无内衬铸铁管在给水管网中仍然广泛使用。有研究发现,调节进水余氯浓度对无内衬铸铁管的铁释放具有一定调控作用,但不同腐蚀产物类型会影响余氯的调控效应[3]。与此同时,管道中的腐蚀产物为细菌生长提供了庇护所,给水管网中的生物膜是导致水质恶化病原菌的重要来源[4]。水质的变化可能导致生物膜不稳定,使得细菌、金属离子和其它有害物质释放水中[5-6]。因此,余氯的变化也可能影响水的化学和微生物稳定性。而三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 分析被认为是在氯化和非氯化饮用水环境中测定细菌活力的高效和前瞻性工具[7]。
铁颗粒物引发变色 (如“黄水”) 是全世界自来水投诉中最常见的问题[8]。由于铁颗粒物、余氯和微生物之间的相互作用,在铁颗粒物存在情况下余氯对水质的影响非常复杂。有研究表明,铁质管道中消毒剂衰减速率明显高于塑料管材。这是由于,消毒剂会持续对腐蚀产物进行再氧化,促使体系中的消毒剂加快衰减;与此同时,消毒剂的强氧化作用可剥离锈垢加剧水质变色恶化[9]。值得注意的是,铁颗粒物由于其形貌特征和自由基路径能够损伤细胞,导致潜在健康风险[10];此外,铁颗粒物还能够通过影响消毒副产物的形成过程加剧水质风险[11-12]。因此,了解余氯对无内衬铸铁管中的水质影响对于保障饮用水安全非常重要。
本研究拟通过浸泡实验和烧杯实验,研究了实际老旧无内衬铸铁管中初始氯对浓度水质的影响。一方面,通过实际管段浸泡实验,在低氯条件下,对比不同初始氯浓度下管道中浊度、总铁浓度、以及三磷酸腺苷等指标的变化,探究余氯通过影响铁释放引发的微生物风险;另一方面,预先收集管段中的颗粒物,在不同氯条件下,对比初始氯浓度对颗粒物浊度、表面电位、粒径等性质的影响,探究余氯通过影响颗粒物性质引发的化学风险。本研究结果可有助于明确给水管网中余氯与铁释放共存时引发的水质风险。
老旧无内衬铸铁管中氯对水质的影响
Effect of free chlorine on drinking water quality in old unlined cast iron pipes
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摘要: 给水管网铁释放对于饮用水水质具有重要影响。通过浸泡实验和烧杯实验探究实际老旧无内衬铸铁管中氯对铁腐蚀的影响。一方面,通过实际管段浸泡实验,对比了不同初始氯浓度下管道中水质变化,发现在高初始氯下浊度和三磷酸腺苷增大,这表明在铁释放严重的无衬里铸铁管道中,消毒剂的增加可能引发水质微生物风险;另一方面,通过烧杯实验进一步确认了氯对管网颗粒物结构的影响,发现氯能够通过降低颗粒物表面电荷导致静电排斥降低,从而加剧了颗粒物的团聚,导致粒径变大、浊度升高,且颗粒物对消毒副产物三卤甲烷具有一定的富集累积作用,引发水质化学风险。本研究结果可为了解给水管网中氯引发的黄水风险提供参考。Abstract: Iron release in drinking water distribution system has an important impact on drinking water quality. The influence of chlorine on iron release in the actual old unlined cast iron pipe was studied through soaking experiment and batch experiment. On the one hand, the changes of water quality in the pipe under different initial chlorine concentrations were compared through the actual pipe section soaking experiment. The result showed that turbidity and adenosine triphosphate increased with the increase of initial chlorine concentration, which indicated the increase of disinfectants may increase microbiological risk. On the other hand, the influence of chlorine on the structure of particles from the pipe was further studied through batch experiments by using the particles collected from the pipe section in advance. It was found that chlorine can reduce the surface charge of particles resulting low electrostatic repulsion, which reduced the agglomeration of particles and increased particle size, lead to the increase of turbidity of the particle suspension. Moreover, it would have certain enrichment and accumulation effect on the disinfection by-product trihalomethane, thus causing chemical risks of water quality. This study provides an important basis for a comprehensive understanding of the discoloration risk caused by chlorine in the water supply network.
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Key words:
- drinking water distribution system /
- particles /
- yellow water /
- water quality risks
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