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塑料作为人类生活中不可或缺的一种材料,被广泛运用于各个行业[1]. 随之而来的,塑料对环境的污染也成为了亟待解决的热点问题[2]. 近年来,微塑料(microplastics,MPs) ,即尺寸小于5 mm的塑料碎片[3- 4],由于其在水环境中的普遍分布、对生物体的生物影响以及不可降解的特性而备受关注[5-6]. 微塑料由于其体积小、密度低的特点很容易在水体中扩散[7],湖泊、河口、海滩等地区都是微塑料聚集的重点地区[8-12] ,甚至在北极地区都有关于微塑料的报道[13]. 与大中型塑料相比,微塑料具有粒径小、比表面积大、疏水性强等特点[14-15],更易于吸附污染物质[16-17],并且将污染物转移到食物链中[18],最后到达人类体内[19],重金属就是典型污染物其中之一[20-21].
重金属可以吸附到微塑料上[15, 22],其吸附量会受其自身物理化学特性影响,例如形态、比表面积、老化程度等[14-15, 23-26]. 并且塑料在制造过程中也会添加少量金属作为催化剂、颜料或者稳定剂[14]. 部分重金属作为一种可溶性有毒污染物[27],即使在低浓度下,也会对生物体造成伤害[25, 28]. 由于重金属离子和微塑料的毒性,重金属离子吸附到微塑料上可能会加剧两者对水生环境的潜在风险[23]. 重金属在微塑料上的吸附量也与其所处环境条件有关,例如pH值、盐度等[22]. Gao等通过室内实验与现场实验对比发现,现场实验中微塑料对重金属吸附量小于室内实验[29]. Holmes等发现,从海滩收集的微塑料颗粒中重金属浓度超过了当地河口沉积物中的浓度,这可能是由于塑料表面形成有机物及微生物,与重金属生成共沉淀导致的[30]. 真实水环境中微塑料对重金属吸附的影响因素远大于室内实验环境,这可能会导致两者的吸附量存在差异. 近年来,虽然关于微塑料对重金属吸附的研究越来越多,但是单个研究中,微塑料及涉及的重金属数量往往较少,考虑的影响因素也多局限在单一因素,较少有文章将多种微塑料/重金属、多种因素联系在一起进行综合比较. 此外,关于微塑料与重金属吸附作用的研究多集中于室内实验,也缺乏与真实水环境的对比.
本文以Web of Science核心数据库及Science Direct数据库作为数据源,对不同环境条件下不同微塑料对于不同重金属的吸附及其影响因素进行综合对比分析,并且还对室内实验结果与实际环境的差异进行研究,旨在探究微塑料吸附重金属的主要影响因素以及室内实验结果能否用来评估实际水环境中的微塑料对重金属的吸附水平.
水环境中微塑料对重金属的吸附及其影响因素
Review on the adsorption of heavy metals with microplastics in water environment and its influencing factors
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摘要: 微塑料(microplastics,MPs)其自身是一种新兴污染物,且还可作为载体吸附重金属等其它污染物,对生态环境造成威胁. 本文以Web of Science核心数据库及Science Direct数据库作为数据源,搜集了2016—2022年间发表的有关微塑料对重金属吸附的文献,分析了不同环境条件下微塑料对重金属的吸附及其影响影响因素,还比较了室内实验结果与实际环境的差异. 结果表明,不同微塑料对重金属吸附量不同,其差异主要与微塑料官能团、结构,重金属水合离子半径等因素有关. 其中,聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)较其它微塑料更易吸附重金属,而铅(Pb)则更易被微塑料吸附. 另外,微塑料老化程度、粒径大小以及盐度、pH值等因素也都会影响微塑料对重金属吸附. 研究还发现,真实水环境中微塑料对重金属的吸附量总体上小于室内实验结果,也就是说,室内实验往往高估了微塑料对重金属的吸附.Abstract: Microplastics (MPs) are an emerging pollutant that can be used as a vector to adsorb and transport heavy metals and other pollutants, posing a threat to the environment. In this paper, the core database of Web of Science and Science Direct database were used as data sources to collect the literature on the adsorption of heavy metals with MPs published from 2016 to 2022, and analyze the metal adsorption of MPs and the influencing factors. The difference between the lab experiments and the actual environment was also studied. The results showed that the difference of metal adsorption capacity for various MPs was mainly related to the functional groups, crystallinity, and the radius of heavy metal hydration ions. Polystyrene (PS) can adsorb more heavy metals than the other MPs, and lead (Pb) can be adsorbed more easily by MPs. In addition, the aging degree and particle size of MPs, and the pH and salinity of environmental conditions may also greatly affect the metal adsorption of MPs. It was also observed that the metal adsorption capacity of MPs in real water environment was smaller than the results from lab experiments. This means that lab experiments may often overestimate the metal adsorption capacity of MPs.
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Key words:
- microplastics /
- heavy metals /
- adsorption /
- influence factor /
- laboratory experiment /
- real environment.
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图 3 (a) 不同微塑料对同种重金属吸附量; (b) 同种微塑料对不同重金属吸附量;(c) 不同微塑料对不同重金属吸附量对比图
Figure 3. (a)The adsorption capacity for the same heavy metal with different MPs ; (b)The adsorption capacity for different heavy metals with the same MPs; (c) Comparison of adsorption capacity of different heavy metals with different MPs.
表 1 重金属在微塑料上的吸附等温线和动力学模型
Table 1. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic models of heavy metals with MPs
微塑料类型
Type重金属类型
Type吸附动力学模型
Adsorption kinetics吸附等温线模型
Adsorption isotherm参考文献
ReferencePS/PP/PE
PVC/PETCd/Co/Cr/Cu
Ni/Pb/ZnNM Langmuir [14] PE Cd/Co/Cr
Cu/Ni/Pb/NM Freundlich/Langmuir [15] PS/PET Cu PSO Freundlich [21] PE Pb(Ⅱ) PSO Freundlich [26] PVC/PE/PS Pb PSO PVC-Pb(Ⅱ): BET
PS/PE-Pb(Ⅱ): Freundlich[33] PS Pb/Cu/Cd/Ni/Zn NM Freundlich [38] PP/PE/PET Cu/Cr/Pb PSO NM [48] PE Cr PFO Langmuir [56] PS/PVC Cu/Zn PFO NM [57] PE Cr/Cu/Ag/Cd
Hg/Ni/Co/Pb/ZnPFO Non-linear Langmuir, Freundlich [58] 注: NM:未提及 Note: NM: Not Mentioned -
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