-
硝酸盐是饮用水中常见污染物之一。一般认为,饮用水中的硝酸盐本身对人体毒性很小,但在肠胃内容易被还原为亚硝酸盐和亚硝基化合物,而亚硝酸盐毒性是硝酸盐的11倍,会对人体健康造成严重威胁,尤其对婴幼儿的危害更大,亚硝基化合物会诱导肠道、胃、脑、神经系统、骨骼、皮肤、甲状腺等发生肿瘤疾病[1-2]。目前饮用水中硝酸盐去除技术主要有反渗透[3-4]、离子交换[5-11]、电渗析[12]、生物反硝化[13]等,但在实际应用中也存在一定的问题。为克服单一技术的缺点,组合工艺越来越受到国内外学者的关注[1,14]。
离子交换因其硝酸盐去除率高、去除速度快、树脂可重复使用、投资和运行费用相对较低等优点受到广泛的关注,其比较适合于中小型水厂。但常规树脂选择性较差、易受硫酸根等阴离子干扰、再生废水难以处置等缺点限制了其在实际工程中的应用,其中,再生废水的安全合理处置是关键。生物膜反硝化法具有挂膜速度快、脱氮效率高、适应性强等优点,可以用于树脂再生废水的生物处理。近年来,国内外关于离子交换结合生物脱氮或电化学催化组合工艺已有较多研究[15-18],但其处理效能、工艺组成、优化工艺参数尚需进一步确定。因此,本研究在使用离子交换法去除硝酸盐的基础上,利用生物膜反硝化法处理树脂再生废水,提出了离子交换和生物脱氮组合工艺,考察了其对饮用水硝酸盐去除及再生废水循环利用的可行性,并进行了相关工艺参数优化,以期为减少树脂再生盐耗、减少环境污染、降低水厂处理成本提供参考。
离子交换生物脱氮组合工艺去除饮用水中硝酸盐
Removal of nitrate from drinking water by combined process of ion exchange and biological denitrification
-
摘要: 硝酸盐污染是饮用水行业面临的一大问题。为此,利用小试实验研究了不同树脂类型对硝酸盐的去除效果及相关的影响因素,以及生物膜系统对树脂再生废水的处理效能,建立了使用离子交换和生物脱氮组合工艺去除饮用水中硝酸盐的方法,优化了工艺参数。结果表明:优选的除硝酸盐树脂选择性强,最佳接触时间为15~20 min,可适应不同进水硝酸盐浓度;采用10%的NaCl溶液再生,再生效率可达90%以上;生物脱氮系统能够高效去除再生废水中的硝酸盐,且亚硝酸盐、氨氮和有机物没有明显积累,可循环用于树脂再生,在9次循环再生周期内,对树脂再生效能的影响很小,再生效率仍达85%以上。该组合工艺实现了硝酸盐的高效去除,以及树脂再生废水的生物脱氮与循环利用。Abstract: Nitrate pollution is a major problem in drinking water industry. In this study, laboratory test was conducted to investigate the effect and influencing factors of nitrate removal by different types of resin, and the treatment efficiency of resin regeneration spent brine by biofilm system. The combined technology of ion exchange and biological denitrification was proposed to remove nitrate in drinking water and the process parameters were optimized. The results showed that the optimal nitrate removal resin had strong selectivity with the best contact time of 15~20 min, which could adapt to the different concentration of nitrate in the influent. The regeneration efficiency was more than 90% by using 10% NaCl solution for regeneration. The biological denitrification system could effectively remove nitrate from the spent brine, and did not showed obvious accumulation of nitrite, ammonia nitrogen and organic matter, so it could be recycled for resin regeneration. In the 9 cycles of regeneration, the effect on the regeneration efficiency of resin was limited, and the regeneration efficiency was still over 85%. The combined process realized the efficient removal of nitrate and the biological denitrification and recycling of spent brine from resin regeneration.
-
Key words:
- ion exchange /
- biological denitrification /
- nitrate /
- combined process /
- process optimization
-
表 1 实验用树脂典型物化指标
Table 1. Typical physicochemical indexes of resin
树脂类型 骨架结构 含水率/% 体积全交换容量/
(mol·L−1)工作交换容量/
(mol·L−1)湿真密度/
(g·mL−1)湿视密度/
(g·mL−1)1# 大孔苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯 50~56 ≥0.9 ≥0.12 1.02~1.10 0.68~0.76 2# 苯乙烯-二乙烯苯交联共聚物 50~60 ≥1.0 ≥0.15 1.08~1.20 0.65~0.82 3# 苯乙烯和二乙苯烯共聚体 45~58 ≥1.0 ≥0.15 1.05~1.15 0.65~0.75 -
[1] 倪涛. 离子交换/生物脱氮组合工艺对硝酸盐氮的脱除研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2010. [2] 刘成, 张谦, 曹军, 等. 磁性离子交换树脂组合工艺对地下水中硝酸盐的去除效能[J]. 给水排水, 2014, 50(1): 130-134. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8471.2014.01.033 [3] 曹国民, 盛梅, 迟峰, 等. 反渗透法脱除地下水中硝酸盐的中试试验[J]. 净水技术, 2011, 30(5): 7-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0177.2011.05.002 [4] 迟峰. 反渗透法脱除地下水中硝酸盐的研究[D]. 上海: 华东理工大学, 2011. [5] 曹国民, 盛梅, 费宇雷, 等. 离子交换法连续流处理受硝酸盐污染的地下水[J]. 净水技术, 2011, 30(5): 90-94. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0177.2011.05.020 [6] 史伟伟. 离子交换膜生物反应器去除地下水中的硝酸盐[D]. 上海: 华东理工大学, 2013. [7] 李利文, 甘义群, 周爱国, 等. 离子交换树脂法高效提取水中硝酸盐研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2012, 35(S2): 54-57. [8] 王玉姣, 任勇翔, 叶媛媛, 等. 离子交换树脂吸附水中硝酸盐动力学和热力学研究[J]. 给水排水, 2013, 49(S1): 18-21. [9] 朱菁. 一种自制选择性离子交换树脂脱除饮用水中的硝酸盐的特性研究[D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2015. [10] NUJIC M, MILINKOVIC D, HABUDA-STANIC M. Nitrate removal from water by ion exchange[J]. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2017, 9(2): 182-186. doi: 10.17508/CJFST.2017.9.2.15 [11] NUR T, SHIM W G, LOGANATHAN P, et al. Nitrate removal using purolite A520E ion exchange resin: Batch and fixed-bed column adsorption modelling[J]. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2015, 12(4): 1311-1320. doi: 10.1007/s13762-014-0510-6 [12] 潘俊杰, 杨芃. 高效低耗电渗析技术去除地下水硝酸盐的试验研究[C]//中国城镇供水排水协会. 第七届中国城镇水务发展国际研讨会, 中国浙江宁波, 2012. [13] 肖雪莲. 氢自养反硝化去除饮用水中硝酸盐的研究[J]. 山西建筑, 2016, 42(33): 127-129. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6825.2016.33.067 [14] KLAS S, BELIAVSKI M, GLUSKA D, et al. Minimizing brine discharge in a combined biophysical system for nitrate removal from inland groundwater[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2015, 156: 496-501. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.041 [15] BERGQUIST A M, CHOE J K, STRATHMANN T J, et al. Evaluation of a hybrid ion exchange-catalyst treatment technology for nitrate removal from drinking water[J]. Water Research, 2016, 96: 177-187. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.054 [16] TARRE S, BELIAVSKI M, GREEN M. Evaluation of a pilot plant for removal of nitrate from groundwater using ion exchange and recycled regenerant[J]. Water Practice and Technology, 2017, 12(3): 541-548. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2017.060 [17] CHOE J K, BERGQUIST A M, JEONG S, et al. Performance and life cycle environmental benefits of recycling spent ion exchange brines by catalytic treatment of nitrate[J]. Water Research, 2015, 80: 267-280. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.007 [18] INBAL F, LIAT B, SAMUEL C N T, et al. Removal of nitrate from drinking water by ion-exchange followed by nZVI-based reduction and electrooxidation of the ammonia product to N2(g)[J]. Chemcal Engineering, 2017, 1(1): 2.